Giant Bison Facts and Figures

Name: Bison latifrons; also known as the Giant Bison Habitat: Plains and woodlands of North America Historical Epoch: Late Pleistocene (300,000-15,000 years ago) Size and Weight: Up to eight feet high and two tons Diet: Grass Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; shaggy front legs; giant horns   About Bison Latifrons (the Giant Bison) Although they were certainly the best-known megafauna mammals of late Pleistocene North America, the Woolly Mammoth and American Mastodon werent the only giant plant-eaters of their day. There was also Bison latifrons, aka the Giant Bison, a direct ancestor of the modern bison, the males of which attained weights of close to two tons (the females were much smaller). The Giant Bison had equally giant horns — some preserved specimens span over six feet from end to end — though this grazer apparently didnt congregate in the giant herds characteristic of modern bison, preferring to roam the plains and woodlands in smaller family units. Why did the Giant Bison vanish from the scene at the cusp of the last Ice Age, about 15,000 years ago? The most likely explanation is that climate change impacted the availability of vegetation, and there simply wasnt enough food to sustain an extended population of one- and two-ton mammals. That theory is lent weight by subsequent events: the Giant Bison is believed to have evolved into the smaller Bison antiquus, which itself evolved into the even smaller Bison bison, which blackened the plains of North America until it was hunted to extinction by Native Americans and European colonists by the end of the 19th century.

The Importance Of Art And Self Expressed And Healing

Art is the Key to Self-Expressing and Healing Any event has an impact on individuals in a good or bad way. Although, if an experience created a crevice in a person’s heart and mental stability, could they still be able to heal from such a moment? Speak, a novel written by Laurie Halse Anderson, tells the story of a freshmen student at Merryweather High School named Melinda Sordino. Before the new school year, Melinda faced a traumatic experience at an end-of-summer party, where she ended up calling the police. As a freshman, she has lost all of her friends, lets her grades go down the drain, and becomes an outcast. Melinda has kept quiet for what happened to her at the party and for that reason, her life has turned a full one-hundred and eighty degrees. Melinda Sordino can never transform into the person she once was before, but with knowledge and aid she receives from her art teacher Mr. Freeman and his class, she is able to grow once again and not live in a never-ending cycle of emotional disturbance. Mr. Freeman and hi s art class play a major role in Melinda’s progress towards self-healing by assigning her the year-long project of developing a tree in which she must self-assess herself and her emotions and giving his moral support and critique. 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Department of Commerce and Government Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Department of Commerce and Government Organizations. Answer: Introduction The industry in which the Dairy Product Manufacturer company firm operates can be affected by both the internal and external environment. The external factors are the main threat that requires the organization establish appropriate strategies that enhance compliance. On the other hand, internal metrics are those within the business. Therefore, the report utilized Porters five and SWOT analysis to explore the market for this type of company respectively (Singh, 2010). Additionally, it is essential to apply the use these analytical tools to comprehend environmental imperatives regarding the direction to take (strategy). The assessment of the Dairy Product Manufacturer firm gaps is also important in developing a strategy for a given organization. It involves comparing the performance of at a given time and comparing it with the desired performance. As a result, the assessment of unutilized business opportunities will help in understanding the possibility of underutilization of the avail able resources assessment of the need for capital investment (James et al., 2011). Porters five forces model analysis. With this assignment, this model greatly affected the decision and strategy formulation processes by the company. The five elements described here, immensely affects the Dairy products manufacturing industry because of the stiff competition posed by rivals in the market. These elements can be summarized as shown in The threat of substitute product or service: The quality of the goods significantly determines the degree of acceptance for the goods and services offered. Apparently, dairy products have different brands, and any lag in quality gives an upper hand for the substitute products to win the contest (Whalley, 2010). This company, therefore, faces stiff competition from the available alternatives offered at a relatively low price. Threat of new entrants The chances of new firms entering the market are very high. The reason for the new entrance emanates from the fact that the company has not done intensive diversification. For instance, the primary products manufactured include full cream milk, lite milk, and the chocolate flavored. Lack of varieties on the market endangers the marketing position of this company because new players may join the market, produce the other brands and further include the three mentioned in their portfolio. The magnitude of competition is very high. And from the assessment, the competition is expected to take another course. Since other firms offer their products at a lower price, then this automatically implies that the new strategic marketing and development initiative our company under case study is planning to undertake will catalyze the other firms to employ a new marketing approach. This process will eventually heighten the level of rivalry (James, et al., 2011). The market is significantly affected by the cost of production. Notably, the suppliers largely affect the purchases as they have more buyers that the companies. The justification is from the expected price increases for the marginal cost by 10%. Bargaining Power of Buyers The users usually have an influence on the nature of products and services offered. But for this case, lack of producing a few varieties perhaps indicates that the users have no control than buying what is availed on the market. Few initiatives have been employed to influence the customers to purchase the products. They, however, rely on what is availed by producers. The SWOT Analysis Generally, the term represents the Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Currently, this technique is instrumental in analyzing promoters and hindrances to a business success (Helms and Nixon, 2010). The breakdown looks at the Dairy Product Manufacturer firms strategic operation. The assessment of all of the four metrics will enable this firm to come up with measures that can lead it into business. And this can only be possible with able leadership who can foresee the future through the analysis of the current situations. It should also identify what it can do best than anyone else in the market thus giving the business enterprise. A Dairy Product Manufacturer firm should utilize the available human and financial resources to reduce adverse effects caused by these factors. Besides, this organization has a strong financial position, a large market base and a cost leader. These factors have, therefore, assisted in ensuring that it meets all the operational costs (NIST, 2013) . The assessment of the weaknesses will enable the management to understand its capabilities as well as inabilities. Understanding business position can assist in investing in realistic and achievable activities. The company has failed to diversify and offer a range of products to customers. Also, its strategic plans have neglected to focus on alignment of the internal setup with the core objectives. Also, acting as a cost leader is inappropriate in the industry where you dont control the influence of suppliers. In addition, opportunities are the un-utilized activities that if ventured in, the firm will succeed, grow and expand. Some lucrative opportunities come by chance, and if they are not sported, the competitors may enter the market and invest in such ventures. For instance, the government may come up with new legislations that significantly enhance success. With our case, however, the Diary firm can manufacture other products that are currently not on the market (Pojasek, 2013). The strong financial position also allows it to purchase the technology, and further invest in research and development to uncover various ways of improving the performance of the company. Lastly but not least, the report analyzed business threats. These are the factors that endanger business success. A poor evaluation of the threats can result to business failure. Mostly, they emanates from the external environment where the firm under study have limited control over (Roseland, 2012). For this case, the company is faced with the threat from stiff competition. The management has to employ all available avenues to deal with the menace (Helms and Nixon, 2010). Gap analysis refers to a way of establishing the performance difference between the current performance state of the organization and the performance state that an organization desires to achieve. This exercise helps the management to have a good understanding of the gaps that exist in the society and therefore look for ways of bridging them (Rajender and Kumar, 2012). This is necessary exercise for the growth and continuity of Dairy Product Manufacturer firm. Gap analysis, in this case, involves three steps. First, the present state of the Dairy Product Manufacturer firm is established. It includes the quantity and type of dairy products that Dairy Product Manufacturer firm produces at the moment. As earlier noted, the company has not identified the need for manufacturing a variety of goods. Secondly, a look into the future is established. This step highlights what the Dairy Product Manufacturer firm expects to have in future or what it desires to achieve. It includes the quantity and type of dairy products that Dairy Product Manufacturer company want to produce. Finally, the differences between the future you want the state of the Dairy Product Manufacturer business, and its current state is established. Currently, there is a market that has not been explored. For instance, the Diary VAP, wholesalers and distributors can increase the quantity if other varieties of products are provided by this company (Milovanovi?, 2011). Business objectives are statements of purpose explaining where the business wants to go in future. It states what a firm wants to achieve. Objectives are important because they will help to provide guidance and direction, facilitate planning and also evaluate and control performance. Some of the objectives of Dairy Product Manufacturer firm are to expand production capacity for Plant 1. This will directly increase the milk processing plant. However, the expansion will increase fixed and production costs. The firm should aim to grow in its production in order to stand competitive environment and increase profits. Another objective for this company is to improve the marketing of its products. Marketing should aim at improving the sales of the company products. The sales for all the goods should because the rate of consumption is still low. Perhaps, marketing and sales promotion will be one of the activities that can increase the volume of sales (James et al., 2011). Also, the firm should also target to venture into new improved milk products and which have proved to work in the market through research and development. These products include developing no fat milk, lactose-free milk, organic full cream milk, organic lite milk, and milk powder and many others. It will enhance diversification of the business operation thus sustainability. The business strategy defines the means that an organization can use to achieve its set objectives. To achieve any goal, Dairy Product Manufacturer should have an effective strategy in place. The strategy should be real, measurable and achievable. Based on the purpose improving on marketing activities, investment in advertisement and sales promotion can work well to achieve this goal. The advertisement should aim at making the product much more at the reach of the consumers (Seiler Beall, 2010). Moreover, Dairy Product Manufacturer firms should target all users and distributors of dairy products. It will target family segment to make the products used by the family to be at reach. It should also target the infant's segment because this will ensure the products consumed by the children have significantly increased. The advertisement should be extended to the other categories such as wholesalers and other distributors. As a result, the company will make more sales and further grow (Ko tler Amstrong, 2014). Dairy Product Manufacturer firm has another objective of expansion of the plant. This goal will require more funding to implement and achieve it. The financing strategy here will involve borrowing cash and then distribute the repayment within a year. Borrowing can also be a strategy for financing other objectives such diversification into other dairy products and use the revenue generated from the venture to repay for the loan facility. Conclusion I strongly recommend the Dairy Product Manufacturer firm to initiate more process to identify profitable opportunities and invest in them. Then use the research and development and finally sales and promotion to ensure the targeted customers are reached. Goods should be presented to clients according to the market segmentation. In conclusion, it is important for Dairy Product Manufacturer firm to understand its environment of operation because this will help to come up with the appropriate objectives and strategies that are necessary for the business growth and continuity. Lastly, gap analysis is done to compare the present state with what is expected in future. This assessment will undoubtedly bring out the difference between the current and what is expected. If an appropriate strategy is taken, Dairy Product Manufacturer firm is likely to achieve its goals smoothly. References NIST (2013). Criteria for Performance Excellence 2013-2014. Gaithersburg, MD: US Department of Commerce and Government Printing Office Pojasek, Robert (2013). Organizations and their Contexts: Where Risk Management .quickmba.com/strategy/pest Rajender, K. and Kumar, K.P. (2012) 'Knowledge Management Practices in SME Sector An Empirical Study', International Journal of Business and Management Tomorrow Agarwal, (2012). Meta -SWOT: introducing a new strategic planning tool. Journal of Business Strategy Helms, M.M., and Nixon, J. (2010). Exploring SWOT analysis -where are we now?: A review of academic research from the last decade. Journal of Strategy and Management. James, C., Paul, T., Debra, Paul, S. (2011). Business analysis techniques: 72 essential tools for success: British Informatics Society, 10(3), 212-220 Kotler.P, Amstrong G .(2014). Principles of Marketing Pearson Education Limited McGee,J., Wilson,D. (2010). Strategy: Analysis and Practice. McGraw-Hill Milovanovi?, S. (2011) 'Aims and Critical Success Factors of Knowledge Management System Projects', Economics and Organization Roseland, Mark (2012). Toward Sustainable Communities. 4th Edition. Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers Seiler, W.J. Beall, M.L. (2010). Communication: Making Connections. Connecting in the Organizational Context - Chapter 18 Old Tappan, New Jersey: Pearson Longman Publishers Singh N (2010). SWOT Analysis A Useful Tool For Community Vision A concept paper of central Himalayan village Whalley A (2010).Strategic Marketing: AndrewWhally and Ventus Publishing APS

Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees Essay Example

Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees Essay Shared Trait between Humans and Chimpanzees Anthropology 101 Section Fall 2010 Professor Diane Sank For many years, numerous individuals including anthropologists have attempted to explain how a single species evolved into another. From the time of Charles Darwin to Creationism, anthropologists have established that chimpanzees are human’s closet relative. Furthermore, with the extensive voluminous amount of information, not only are chimpanzees genetically and evolutionary similar to human but share analogous traits. For instance, chimpanzees like human make and utilized tools in various techniques. Another trait shared is eutheria, where offspring depend on the placenta and grown internally of their paternities. In addition to the highly mobile digits that assist chimpanzees in grasping and climbing. These illustrations are just a few. This paper is twofold; to highlight humans and chimpanzees shared traits that can aid in recreating the past of humans, secondly to heighten my knowledge of the evolution of humankind and chimpanzees. Human are classified in the primate order. The primate order contains countless species of prosimians, monkeys, apes, and us. Moreover even though humans are classified along with other primates the nearest relative is chimpanzees. Similarly, humans and chimpanzees share, â€Å"anatomy, and genetic material† that has been noted for several years now. By sharing similar traits it is noted as a vital part of human evolution. Human evolution is the development of humans also known as Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens are categorized in the Hominidae family, a family that has shown to ensure increased brain size with complexity and bipedalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shared Trait Between Humans and Chimpanzees specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Chimpanzees have undergone many different changes during that resulted in binocular vision, mobile digits without claws but nails, decreasing in sense of smell due to a reduced snout, large and complex brains. Specific traits are illustrated distinctively within humans (Kottak, 2009). The first trait chimpanzees share with humans is grooming. Grooming is the action of cleaning oneself or another. The purpose of grooming among primates has many functions. The first is to clean another while the other is is sharing a bonding experience with a partner or friend. Both primates experience, â€Å"friendless, submission, appeasement or closeness†¦ embracing, touching, and jumping up and down. † These behaviors assist in shaping closeness between the two chimpanzees taking part in grooming (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). Two chimpanzees sit face to face with each other and perform these procedures. Chimpanzees use their digits to â€Å"remove parasites or detritus from another’s hairy body surface,† resulting in the consumption of parasites There are different grooming habits among chimpanzees. For instance, some chimpanzees groom each other face to face while other chimpanzee let the one being groomed to move about as they feel. Some chimpanzees use sticks, or leaves as tools for grooming. In humans grooming is also used as a bonding experience for example between mother and child (McGrew, 1998). The second trait is the increase in the size of the brain and complexity. Primates have the highest intelligences. The size and complexity of brain enables primates to retain additional information to utilize in tool making or climbing. The advantages of a large brain with complexity assist in â€Å"navigat[ing]†¦find[ing] food in a highly complex environment. † The brain size of chimpanzees is larger than most other mammals (Kottak 2006; Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). The third trait is highly mobile digits. In humans mobile digits are hands. Chimpanzee’s highly mobile digit allows them to grasp items and climb trees more efficiently. Chimpanzees like human have five fingers on both digits (hands and toes). Primates also have opposable thumbs and tactile pads. Tactile pads empower chimps to have great sensitivity to what they come into contact with. The tactile pads are located at the end of chimp’s digits. Chimps do not have claws but nails (Kottak, 2009). The fourth trait chimps share with humans is tool making. Chimps are every diversified in utilizing and make tools. Chimpanzees construct their tools from surrounding material within the forest such as twigs, bark, and leaves. Tool constructed have multiple functions. For example leaves can be rolled to create a cup for drink water. Another example is utilized leaves for fishing and grooming varies parts of another chimpanzee. Finally leaves can be used in pre –mating procedure and to make medication. Chimpanzees also utilized tools to gather food such as sticking sticks into the ground to gather ants and termites for food. Chimpanzees are able to use their surrounds to help create everyday task to be performed with ease (McGrew, 1998). The fifth trait chimpanzees share with humans is being eutheria. Eutheria are mammals who reproduce internally via placenta. Similar to human chimpanzees do not have a breeding season. This allows chimpanzees to mate at any time of the year. Since mating seasons do not exist in chimpanzee culture, the majority of female chimpanzees throughout their life becomes pregnant or nurse constantly. Once offspring are born they are: â€Å"Dependent for 4 or 5 years†¦chimpanzee infant cannot survive if its mother dies before it reaches the age of 4 at the very least†¦ During the juvenile period, young primates are still dependent upon the largest social group rather than on their mother alone, using this period for learning and refining a variety of behaviors. If the juvenile primate’s mother dies, he or she will be â€Å"adopted† by an older male or female member of the social group. † Not only does the infant depend on their mother for a period in time, the community takes care of them as they reach a certain age (Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). The sixth trait chimpanzee share is bipedalism. Bipedalism is the art of walking on two legs. This trait is a major trait that has evolved. Chimpanzees usually walk on all fours. However at times chimpanzees walk bipedally when they have to hold something in their hand. Furthermore Chimpanzees â€Å"cannot sustain bipedalism locomotion for more than 50 to 100 yards [before retracting to] knuckle-walking† (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). Human infants like chimpanzees walk on all fours, at times walking bipeadlly shortly until they retract to walking on all fours. The seventh trait is the act of playing. The process of playing among chimpanzees is learning skills that can be used later in life as adults. The act of playing is shown not only in infants but juveniles as well. Infants and juveniles play to â€Å"learn about their environment†¦social skills†¦ [and] testing a variety of behaviors. The act of playing is a tool for learning how certain things work and what is and not accepted in their community (McGrew 1998; Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). The eighth trait chimpanzee share with humans is the art of learning. Since the brain of a chimpanzees has increased in size and complexity this trait has assisted in advan tages. Younger chimpanzees stay close to their mothers in order to learn how to perform certain task. For example, chimpanzees in West Africa use stones to crack open nuts. At first the offspring fail to perform the task until a great deal of practice is chieved. This process is call aping, the act of observing then imitating the adult they learned from (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). The ninth trait is sexual behavior among chimpanzees. Chimpanzees and humans alike are promiscuous. The reason being primates do not have a set partner, another primate to mate with and stay with as a neutral family. Within chimpanzees communities both male and female engage in finding partners to mate with. There is no standard for the men to only look, but women take part in finding a mate rather than waiting for one. Female chimpanzees similar to humans go through several periods in time when they are vulnerable to impregnation. This period in time is known as estrus, not only where the female is vulnerable to impregnation but skin surrounding the genitals swell. In a recent study â€Å"twelve to fourteen males have been observed to have as many as fifty copulations in one day with a single female in estrus†(Stanford, Allen, Anton, 2006). Sexual promiscuity is a norm in chimpanzee’s community as well as humans. In our culture sexual promiscuity is portrayed in the form of pornography. Even though it is frowned upon individuals still take part in it. The tenth trait similar to humans is communication. Chimpanzees have diverse calls that can be visualized with face and body expressions. There are various calls such as, â€Å"warning calls, threat calls, defense calls, and gather calls†¦ [that accompany] gestures and postures†¦. [that is at] the level of a 2 to 3 –year-old human child† (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, amp; McBride, 2005). Chimpanzee unlike humans cannot speak but they do display language skills incorporating by call and gestures. I have learned that chimpanzees are extremely intelligent and should be studied more often. In my opinion chimpanzees are becoming more and more intelligent than the average American. For example some American can barely read and write let alone communicate their wants and needs. While chimpanzees communicate their wants and needs by using gestures and postures. It is extremely heartbroken more and more primates are slowly being extinct or becoming research models not to benefit the understanding of their ways but for biomedical research. It truly was remarkable learning about chimpanzees an there shared trait humans’ utilize as of today. I am grateful and wish someday I too like Jane Goodall can do research on primates to learn their ways. We as humans should learn more and take care of our closest relative then would we truly understand their ways and ourselves. Chimpanzees, Pan Troglodytes, have acquired traits that are established already in humans. Chimpanzees are highly intelligent primates who display eutheria, the process of growing their offspring internally. Chimpanzees are extremely social creatures that take part in grooming as a process of bonding with another primate. While infants and juvenile learn through play which creates a learning environment for the children to learn what they will be required to know when they are adults. The increase in brain size and complexity has assisted chimpanzees to make and utilize tools, walk bipedally, and able them to climb and grasp with their high mobile digits. It begs the question: what will the future hold for the evolution of humans as chimpanzees become more and more rick in knowledge? ***This report contains 9,445 characters and 1,788 words**** References 1. Haviland, W, Prins, H, Walrath, D, amp; McBride, B. (2005). Living primates. In N. Root (Ed. ), Anthropology: the Human Challenge (pp. 62-87). Canada: Wadsworth. 2. Stanford, C, Allen, J, amp; Anton, S. (2006). Biological anthropology. New Jersey: Pearson Education. 3. Kottak, C. (2009). Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity. New York: The McGraw Hill Companies. 4. Culture in nonhuman primates. (1998). Annuals Review of Anthropology, 27, 301-328.

It is given that societies are fluid and therefore Essays - Economy

It is given that societies are fluid and therefore many an aspect of them, in this instance the IFIs will eventually become irrelevant. But like any organism self-preservation is inevitable and so hence the policies that covertly keep the poor as such. They have various mechanizations that aid in doing such, from increasing unemployment which reduces economic buying power to industrial sabotage by subsidy removal. They also have their fingers in the political field too though they feign ignorance and zero intent in meddling there . That said they do also function in a positive manner which is help ing bridge economies of different zones and institutions. They also help( ed ) many a nation develop into what they're today. However the destruction is through the following; Privatization of African economies , subsidies, S APs, loan repayment periods and methods and also political interference. According to Fischer (2001: 237), one of the IMF's main contributions to reforms is that it stands consistently for a particular approach to economic policy. Therefore, the long-run impact of the IFIs reaches beyond the immediate effects of conditions and finance. T he IMF is an intergovernmental institution established by an international treaty in 1945 to create a framework for international economic cooperation focusing on balance of payment problems and the stability of currencies. it focused and offered a way which has the following effects; (i) To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems. (ii) To facilitate the ex pansion and balanced growth of international trade... (iii) To promote exchange stability... (iv) To assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions and in the elimination of foreign exchange restrictions... (v) To make the general resources of the Fund temporarily available to members for balance of payments purposes under adequate safeguards... (vi) In accordance with the above, to shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in the international balances of payments of members . The IMF provides policy advice and technical assistance to help countries build and maintain strong economies. The organization also makes loans and helps countries design policy programs to solve balance of payment problems. IMF loans are short and medium term and are funded mainly by the pool of quota contributions that its members provide. Each member country has a quota. The quota approximately determines a member's voting power, the amount of foreign exchange it may purchase from the IMF and its allocation of special drawing rights. As a result of third world debt crisis in the 1980s the IMF had to function as the lender of last resort and acted to avoid major economic catastrophe by providing new loans for debtor countries. The IMF has been criticized with regards to its strict conditions attached to its loans. The institution has been like a savings and loan association rather than a commercial bank. It can lend its funds but cannot create new funds in the way a bank can create deposits. As for the World Bank the following; M erged 5 different organizations namely International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) , International Development Association (IDA) , International Finance Corporation (IFC) , Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) , International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) . Therefore making it the ultimate institution to fund developmental projects for example building schools and health centres providing water and electricity etc. the World Bank makes loans for projects and as for its funding it relies on its ability to borrow in the international capital markets and contributions from members. Voting power of nations is proportionate to the capital subscriptions. The World Bank is the leading organization in the field of multi-lateral financing or investment and technical assistance. Critics for allowing politics corruption favoritism incompetent consultancy and inef ficient bureaucracy to dominate the evaluation process and financing of projects. The bank is the world's biggest source of aid to developing countries but although it has progressively increased the scope of its lending programs, it is unable to respond to the capital needs of debt-ridden third world countries. Besides the direct ,carrot-and-stick" effect of conditionality, there are

Songwriting 101 Essays

Songwriting 101 Essays Songwriting 101 Paper Songwriting 101 Paper The world of literature consists of many different genres, and of those genres the most commonly overlooked is songwriting (Frey). To this day uncountable numbers of records have been sold. There have been countless awards given to the people who focus their entire lives upon this one section of literature.And to this day, there have been more people touched by a song than by any other genre or literature.It is skill that only few people take the time to learn and to understand, but the fans of great songwriting understand why they invested so much time into this art. Thefirst thing to understand about songwriting is simply this, what makes up a well-written song? There are three basic things you must include in a song to make it a masterpiece.First you must start out with a title. The title of the song is the backbone and reason for it being written in thefirst place.The title gives a song focus and gives it power.It also should intrigue the listener.Witho ut this the song is sure to fall apart. Next a song should include a focused chorus.A course is a repeated or closely repeated set of lyrics. Therefore is should give focus to the title.It should support and define the title so that the title has a reason.And the final thing a well-written song should include is a verse.A verse gives examples and new ideas to the title.It gives you the opportunity to speak your mind, or even tell a story around the title and the chorus (Fleece). After you have planned a song that includes a title, a chorus, and a diverse verse, what else should you include?This is called the arrangement or makeup of the song.The song needs to have rhythm, a tempo, a style and other clique things.These things have to fit with the music.You dont need a heavy metal tempo with a love ballad. A mixture of tempo and style will only lead to confusion in the song, or a lessening of the lyrical focus

You Can tell a lot about people by observing what they wear and eat Essay

You Can tell a lot about people by observing what they wear and eat - Essay Example Food preferences vary due to many factors including age, gender, socio-economic status, nationality, lifestyle and environment. For instance, people from middle and upper classes tend to eat healthier compared to those who grow up in poor families. Organic food, which is quite expensive, is usually consumed by those who can afford it and tries to follow a healthy life style. Teenagers and children are more likely to eat fast food and sweets than adults. Generally, there are common food choice patters between different groups of people based on the way they live but this is not all information people get observing meals of others. Even the process of eating can tell enough about who they really are. According to Santillano (2015), people who eat slowly are used to routine in their lives. At the same time, they do not lose their chance to relax and get positive experience savoring their food. People who eat quickly have other priorities and prefer to minimize time they spend on basic things. People express their hobbies, attitudes and lifestyles in their food choices. People who do not eat meat can express their care about animals or own health in this way by their diet. Gym-lovers will eat more protein which comes from white meat, cottage cheese and eggs alongside with protein cocktails and special power bars to source their muscles with energy for growth. On the contrary, girls on diet will choose smaller portions that contain fewer calories and more vegetables and fruit. Overall, there are many hints about lifestyle and personality one can spot observing what people eat. Clothes also reveal much information about a person who wears it. As well as food, it reflects age, gender, socio-economic status, lifestyle, belonging to subcultures, hobbies and personality traits. Moreover, it is no difficult to get information about peoples approximate height and weights without seeing them just with the help of their

Detroit Electric Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Detroit Electric - Case Study Example He continues to claim that this kind of organisational arrangement is highly dependent of the ability of the organisation involved to clearly and unambiguously describe the specialised jobs that are required to see the organization achieve its goals. Detroit Electric Company invests in outlining what work it requires to be done, and then outsources the services of other companies. It does not do any design or manufacturing. The company maintains that this kind of organizational structure helps it escape capital expanses which may be too huge for it to afford at this point in time, bearing in mind that it is still at start up level. However, there is indication that this company may slowly stop outsourcing its operations as time goes by and as their revenues continue to build on. This is due to the fact that they attribute their outsourcing arrangement to ‘avoiding capital costs which could be fatal to its start-up’ (p. 512). The reason why Detroit Electric chose to use t his structure is to capitalize on the economic advantage that is brought by division of work into highly specialised or precise jobs. The company realised that there was already the presence of specialised vehicle manufacturing companies such as Proton Holdings where manufacturing resources could be outsourced to. Proton Holdings was chosen to do the manufacturing activities of Detroit Electric because it had a modern production facility was committed to research and development, was cost efficient, stable, and had a highly qualified labor-force. Relationship between Organisational Structure and Pace of Development Detroit Electric Company is on pace to present its electric vehicles to the market only three years after its inception. On the other hand, Ford will have taken forty years to produce a viable electric car by 2011. The pace of development in these two companies is affect by the organisational structures the two companies have deployed in their organisations. Organisationa l structure defines the manner in which the human resource are organised and their reporting arrangements. Ford, apparently, has deployed the traditional centralised approach to organisational management. Decisions are made at top management levels and little authority is delegated to subordinates as this may indicate loss of control. They review decision made by lower level management and decide on thefate of their implementation. As a result, there is a lot of duplication of functions at different levels of management.This kind of arrangement may create a conservative culture in the organization which will result to everyone wanting to maintain the status quo. This affects the success of the electric car project at Ford because the personnel ‘have become used to the routine activities they perform’. As Jacobides puts it, getting so used to routine activities in an organisation makes it difficult for them to focus on the organisation’s projects, follow schedules , and meet deadlines. It also makesit difficult for information to flow across the departmentswhich in turn makes it difficult to share resources efficiently, agree on development agenda, and implement new strategies. In addition, Ford has specialized in the manufacturing of usual cars (those powered by fuel). It was therefore reluctant to diversify into electric cars due to market uncertainties and risks. Manufacturing electric cars would also demand a huge extra investment in infrastructure and human

Public international law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public international law - Essay Example Part 1: Background on the Dispute In 1858, Costa Rica and Nicaragua ratified a Treaty of Limits granting Nicaragua sovereign jurisdiction over a 140 km stretch of the San Juan River, and Costa Rica sovereign rights over its right bank, as well as certain ,navigational rights, "con objetos de comercio."2 An 1888 arbitral award rendered by United States President Grover Cleveland affirmed the Treaty's continuing validity3 and upheld Costa Rica's right to navigate the river with revenue service vessels, but not war vessels.3. In 1916, the Central American Court of Justice held that Nicaragua breached the 1858 Treaty by signing the Chamorro-Bryan Treaty of 1914, granting the United States "exclusive proprietary rights" for the construction and maintenance of an inter-oceanic canal through the river. Excluding a 1956 Agreement on river traffic and protection of the border, no events of significance to the treaty regime occurred for almost seventy years. Starting in the 1980s, Costa Rica p rotested Nicaragua's introduction of new restrictions on navigation, while Nicaragua alleged Costa Rica was exceeding its right of free navigation under the 1858 Treaty. Tensions mounted. On September 29, 2005, Costa Rica instituted proceedings against Nicaragua at the ICJ claiming that Nicaragua was in breach of its obligations under the 1858 Treaty. Nicaragua raised no objections to the Court's jurisdiction. Costa Rica sought an order declaring Nicaragua in breach, and requiring Nicaragua to cease unlawful conduct, make reparation, and give assurances of non-repetition. Nicaragua denied breaching any obligations, asserted that any obligations allegedly breached did not derive from any international law rule, and sought a number of rulings on its power to regulate Costa Rica's navigational rights. Part 2: Summary of the Judgment The July 13, 2009 Judgment provides concrete guidance on the extent of Costa Rica's right to free navigation, defines the scope of Nicaragua's power to reg ulate Costa Rica's right, and identifies a customary right of Costa Rican riparians to engage in subsistence fishing. Specifically, the Court held that Costa Rica has a treaty right to free navigation "for the purposes of commerce," including the transport of passengers and tourists, and that Nicaragua cannot impose visa or tourist card requirements on passengers of Costa Rican vessels. Also, the Court concluded that Costa Rican riparians have the right to navigate between their communities to meet everyday essential needs, as do Costa Rican official vessels used solely to provide essential services to riparian communities. Costa Rica does not have the right, however, to navigate with vessels carrying out police functions, to exchange police border post personnel, or to resupply posts. The Court ruled that Nicaragua has the right to require Costa Rican vessels to stop at the first and last Nicaraguan posts on their route; require river travelers to carry an identity document; issue, but not charge for, departure certificates; impose navigation timetables; and require vessels to display the Nicaraguan flag. Part 3: The Judgement 1. On 29 September 2005 the Republic of Costa Rica filed in the Registry of the Court an Application of the same date,

Problems with Cheap Food

Problems with Cheap Food Casey Vorfa Food fight: Worldviews on food production and consumption Cheap Food Is Simply Unaffordable During the past few decades, the Food industrys productivity levels have skyrocketed and our food system is now able to produce large quantities of food in very short time spans. Furthermore, these products are sold at extremely low prices in order to attract consumers. At first glance this seems like an ideal food system but unfortunately things arent as they seem. Producing unlimited amounts of cheap, processed food actually costs a lot of energy and has harmful effects on the environment, animals and our own health . Therefore, finding new sustainable ways of producing food remains crucial. First of all it is important to understand how the food industry manages to sell its products at such an irresistible price. The reason is simple. All large food companies have one single goal : maximizing their profit. In order to do so, they want to make sure that they produce and sell as much as possible in a very short period of time. In order to increase their yield companies use advanced technology and an alarming amounts of resources such as pesticides, herbicides, fossil fuel and corn. In particular corn is of great importance, it is used as a preserving agent and also as food to cattle. More than 12 billion b.u of corn are produced annually(1). Furthermore, with fossil fuel levels running low, corn is turned into ethanol and later used as fuel. The food companies can sell us their products at such cheap prices because the corn that they buy and use doesnt cost them a thing. The price of corn is being maintained at low levels in an artificial way. Over the past decade the US Federal Government has spent more than 50 billion dollars into the corn industry(2). This is the why unprocessed organic foods are so much more expensive. A study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that a dollar could buy 1200 calories of potato chips or 875 calories of soda but just 250 calories of vegetables or 170 calories of fresh fruit (3). In a few words, the large food companies have been receiving financial support by the government. No wonder unprocessed foods are much more expensive and unaffordable. They havent been receiving any royal treatment. One of the main flaws of our food production system is that it is very energy-intense. The food industry is heavily dependent on the use of oil and fossil fuels. In order to increase their output food industries use diesel powered tractors, irrigation pumps, pesticides and herbicides made of natural gas and petroleum. In fact, in the U.S about 10 percent of the energy budget goes to producing, distributing, processing, preparing and preserving the plant and animal matter we consume (4). However, the amount of food that is produced is much smaller than the amount of energy used to produce it. For instance, the U.S expends roughly ten units of fossil energy to produce one unit of food energy (5). Thus, if companies are already producing large amounts of food an unimaginable amount of energy is used to make it. It seems that the large food companies are ignoring the energy crisis we are in. For decades industries have been exploiting Earth’s natural resources as if these resource s were to last forever and the food industry has been no exception. Considering the fact that the global population is increasing and that we are running out of fossil fuels we will no longer be able to satisfy the increasing demand.The demand for meat and poultry is expected to increase by 25 percent by 2015 (6). In addition, the price of oil and other fossil fuels will also increase. Hence, the current food production system is unsustainable and will eventually collapse. Not only is our current food system very energy demanding but it also damages our ecosystems and harms animals. As one of the main energy consumers the food industry is also one of the major water, air and soil polluters. Burning fossil fuels create greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. Intensive farming requires large amounts of chemical fertilizers. In American farms more than 10 million tons of fertilizers are being used for corn alone. 23 million for all crops (7). All these chemicals end up in rivers, lakes or in seas contributing to water pollution, soil contamination and in what we call dead zones .Dead Zones are areas of approximately 6000 -sq-mi area which contain no oxygen, killing all forms of sea life. There are nearly 400 dead zones and these dead zones cause the fishing industry to lose 212 000 tons of seafood a year (8). But our food system does not only pollute our land by releasing chemicals. Our ecosystem is also affected by the large amount of manure our system releases. One pig can produce four times more waste than humans (9). Considering the number of pigs and other livestock we can definitely say that a tremendous amount of waste is produced. All of this waste is thrown into giant pits called lagoons. These lagoons contain so much waste that they become toxic and they are one of the main causes of pollution in the United States (10). They also pollute the land with heavy metals like cadmium, selenium, zinc, copper and arsenic(11). Furthermore, industrial agriculture also contributes in soil erosion and the loss of biodiversity. Monoculture crops are vast spaces of land where only one type of plant grows. These crops create an ecological vacuum that insects take advantage which reduces the quality of soil (12). These crops also reduce biodiversity which damages the food chain. But the degradation of animal life doesnt end there. Because the food industry wants to make us much profit as possible thousands of animals are cramm ed together in small contracted areas where they never get to see sunlight. Apparently, for large companies animal welfare and our environment are much less important than making profit. Most importantly cheap food has also affected consumers health in a variety of negative ways . Processed foods are low in nutrients, high in salt, sugar and fat. Moreover, three-fourth of the world food sales involve processed foods which means cheap food has reached almost every country. Different studies have shown that there is a strong correlation between consuming cheap foods and the chances of developing different types of diseases. Since the late 1970s, obesity rates have more than doubled among children 6 to 11 of age and more than tripled among those 12 to 19 of age (13). Products like SSBs (sugar sweetened beverages) are major contributors to childhood obesity, as well as to long term weight gain, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (14). Furthermore, the chemicals and hormones that are added in our food also cause health issues. Danish Scientists have proven that hormone residues in beef are linked to high rates of breast and prostate cancer, as well as early onset puberty in girls(15). Moreover, all the waste and pollution that is caused by our food production system doesnt only affect animals but it affects our health as well. For instance, livestock manure pollutes the air with hydrogen sulphide which is linked to respiratory and neurological diseases (16). Hence, cheap food comes with very high costs to our health. Our current food system has many drawbacks, therefore it is important that we find new sustainable ways of producing food. First of all we posses technology that could decrease pollution and spare resources. Anaerobic digesters and micro turbines can convert manure into renewable, low-carbon biogas-fired electricity. Carbon dioxide could be used to grow algae for food and algae could easily be converted into bio-fuels. In addition, drip irrigation seems promising. Drip irrigation consists of underground tubes that deliver water directly to a plants roots. Researchers at Iowa State University estimate that corn farmers would use 40 percent less water and lower their energy bills by 15 percent with drip irrigation (17). No-till agriculture is yet an other promising option. This method involves planting seeds without turning the soil which reduces soil disturbance. Argentina already uses this advanced technique for more than half of its farms. Even though these methods are very helpful there is a lot more to be done. For the past decades large food companies have driven farmers off the land. In fact, nine out of ten hog farmers have left the business since 1979 (18). With unemployment levels getting higher by the day returning to the old way of farming might be a solution. Although it may seem that local farmers dont stand a chance towards the large food companies that is not necessarily true. If we support local farmers and the local food movement we are playing our part into stopping the food industrys harmful practices. Furthermore, companies like Niman Ranch have created networks of small scale farmers who only sale natural meat to restaurants (19). Other companies like Bon Appetit encourage their costumers to make environmental friendly choices. Our behavior as consumers also has a large impact on the energy ratio. Even though we might not realize it, our every day choices do have an influence on the amount of energy that is being used. Our diets one of them. If we eat meat every single day the amount of fossil fuels used is a lot greater than if we ate grain everyday. Meat is four times as energy demanding as grains are. That doesn’t necessarily mean that we should eat grains everyday but reducing our meat consumption and eating more foods that are less energy demanding does have a large impact. Restaurant owners might decide to sell in smaller proportions and keep the leftovers. Moreover, maybe we should think twice before going to eat at buffets. As consumers we should also think about not wasting our own food and not buying more than we need. The USDA estimates that Americans throw out 14 percent of the food that they buy which results in the waste of large amounts of resources (20). Thus our decisions as consumers can have large impacts on the food system. In conclusion, our society simply cannot afford cheap food. Our current food production system is not only highly inefficient but also harms our planet, animals and our own health. Fortunately for us it is not too late to change things. The use of modern technology to manage waste, supporting local farmers and Eco-friendly products are only some of the few ways to create a new sustainable way of producing food. References (1),(2),(3), (6),(7),(8),(19),(20) : Walsh, Bryan, Getting Real About High Price of Cheap Food , Time in Partnership with CNN, August 21, 2009 (4),(5)(9),(16)(17) : Webber, Michael E., More Food Less Energy, Scientific American, January 2012 (10),(11) (15),(16)(18) : Schloser, Eric â€Å" Cheap Food Nation Siera, November/December 2006 : Kaplan, David, Food Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy : Nestle, Marion Food Marketing and Childhood Obesity The New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, June 15 2006. : Stuckler, David and Nestle Marion, Big Food, Food Systems and Global Health Plos Medicine, Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2012

O Level

w w ap eP m e tr .X w UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS s er om .c GCE Ordinary Level MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2008 question paper 5054 PHYSICS 5054/02 Paper 2 (Theory), maximum raw mark 75 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and nexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. †¢ CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 200 8 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. Page 2 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054Paper 2 Do not accept fractions. No penalty for [ 2 s. f. unless stated or for 1 s. f. where exactly correct. Only one unit and only one fraction penalty per question. Section A 1 (a) 0. 5(0) m B1 C1 A1 (a) mgh or F ? d or 10 ? 700 (–)7000 J C1 A1 (b) Q/E/H = mc? T or (? T =) 7000/(1) ? 4200 1. 7 or 1. 67 or 5. 5 8. 9  °C e. c. f. (a) 4 B1 (b) rotates/tilts/unbalanced/one side down/one side up rotates anticlockwise/down on left or head down or foot up (net) anticlockwise moment or moment on left > moment on right or weight/CM on left of pivot 3 B1 B1 B1 B1 (b) 10(. 0) N or e. c. f. (a) diagram of two forces and resultant W / 6(N) and T / 8(N) marked on perp. forces or scale given 10(. 0  ±0. 2) N 35–39 ° from T/Y/horizontal or 51–55 ° from W/vertical an d correct resultant C1 C1 A1 (a) (i) (a = ? )v/t or 84/35 2. 4 m/s? C1 A1 (ii) speed and time axes correct and labelled straight line of positive gradient through origin 84 (m/s) and 35 (s) marked (b) (i) two arrows with forward force > backward force (ii) air/wind resistance or friction or drag  © UCLES 2008 B1 [5] [4] [5] B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 [7] Page 3 5 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 a) Any two pairs – may be expressed in terms of the gas: liquid M1 molecules dense(r) close(r)/touching incompressible/volume fixed close(r) or strong(er) forces fills bottom container forces strong(er) expands less when heated forces strong(er) more viscous/flows slower forces strong(er) sound fast(er) close(r) or strong(er) forces better conductors of heat close(r) slower diffusion close(r) Paper 2 A1 (b) molecules gain speed/energy/heat and escape/leave cloth/break bonds or latent heat needed fast(er)/high(er) (kinetic) energy molecules escape/evaporate (a verage) speed / (kinetic) energy (of remainder) decreases r temperature related to (average) energy/speed of molecules 6 M2 A2 B1 B1 B1 (a) red B1 (b) (i) equal to B1 (ii) less than B1 (c) two correct refractions on Fig. 6. 2 no dispersion and ray ends close to P (a) 12(. 0) V B1 B1 B1 B1 (c) (E=) QV or VIt or 200 ? 12 2400 J accept 2370–2410 J e. c. f. 8 M1 A1 (b) top row: 4. 6 and 0 bottom row: square 1 = square 2 + square 3 or 9. 2 bottom row: 4. 6 in squares 2 and 3 cao 7 [7] C1 A1 (a) fusion B1 (b) (i) mass decreases or product/nuclei/atoms less massive mass becomes/converted to energy B1 B1 (ii) E = mc2 6. 6 ? 10–29 ? (3. 0 ? 108)2 5. 9 ? 0–12 or 5. 94 ? 10–12 J B1 C1 A1  © UCLES 2008 [5] [6] [6] Page 4 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 Paper 2 Section B 9 (a) (i) Any three lines: vibration of cone/loudspeaker vibration of air/particles (molecules) particles/molecules pass on vibrations/energy (to neighbours) com pressions and rarefactions or longitudinal wave/movement of particle (max 3) B1 B1 B1 B1 (ii) loud – large amplitude/max displacement low-pitched – frequency/no. of waves per sec low frequency, small frequency, etc. (long wavelength 1/2) B1 M1 A1 (iii) (t =) d/s or 0. 57/330 0. 0017 s C1 A1 iv) speed of sound greater in water/liquid or v. v. less time taken in water/liquid or heard sooner/faster B1 B1 [10] (b) (i) v = f? or 200 seen (? =) v/f or 330/200 or 330/0. 2 or 1650 (m) 1. 6/1. 65/1. 7 m (ii) attempt at compressions and rarefactions/longitudinal wave correct wavelength marked C1 C1 A1 M1 A1 [5] [Total: 15]  © UCLES 2008 Page 5 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 10 (a) (i) at least 2 concentric, complete circles increasing gap at least 1 anticlockwise arrow and none incorrect (ii) stronger or more lines or lines closer together or extends further (b) (i) (R =) V/I or 6. /8. 0 0. 75 ? Paper 2 B1 B1 B1 B1 [4] C1 A1 (ii) (Q =) It or 8. 0 ? 120 or 8. 0 ? 2 960 C (16 C scores 1/2) C1 A1 (c) (i) L>R or N>S [4] B1 (ii) force (on wire) or wire bends/moves into page/perpendicular to field/away (from us)/LH rule quoted M1 A1 (iii) force reverses or out of page or bends the other way e. c. f. B1 [4] (iv) accept first two marks on unlabelled diagram (wire becomes) coil / armature /solenoid force/movement opposite on sides of coil or moment current reverses during rotation/due to commutator or split ring B1 B1 B1 [3] [Total: 15]  © UCLES 2008 Page 6 Mark SchemeGCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 11 (a) (P =) VI or 6. 0 ? 1. 6 9. 6 W Paper 2 C1 A1 (b) (i) filament/J releases electrons or thermionic emission attracted by +ve terminal/metal plate/K electrons move/accelerate [2] B1 B1 B1 (ii) otherwise electrons hit (air) molecules/particles/lose energy or electrons deflected/don’t hit screen/cause ionisation of air B1 (iii) electrons/charges/beam/ray deflected (by magnetic field) few(er) ele ctrons reach plate/K/+ve terminal/pass round circuit B1 B1 (iv) current = 0 or no reading electrons repelled by or not attracted to K or K does not emit electrons B1 c) (i) (dot/speck of light) moves so fast (that the eye sees it as a single line) or timebase pulls it horizontally or voltage is constant/zero B1 [8] B1 (ii) (line/trace) displaced vertically at uniform rate/speed or slowly moves 3. 0 divisions/3cm M1 A1 B1 (iii) screen not high enough or trace moves beyond edge of screen or line moves 6cm / more than 4cm (vertically) or line can only move 4cm or screen is only 4cm from middle to top B1 [5] [Total: 15] B1 Independent mark C1 Compensation mark; given also if the answer is correct M1 Method mark: if not given, subsequent A marks are not awarded A1 Answer mark.  © UCLES 2008

Descartes’ statement Cogito Ergo Sum Essay

Cogito ergo sum. Scholars would recognize this issue of high debates even today, almost five hundred years after the words were uttered; though in the present most people in the world wouldn’t understand what it refers to. In 1641, Renà © Descartes published his â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy,† in which his first meditation dismisses everything that he perceives as reality and posits that he is nothing more than a disembodied brain being manipulated by some outside source. In his second meditation, he questions if he is real. And the fact that he is able to ponder his reality leads him to the conclusion that â€Å"I think therefore I am†: Cogito ergo sum. His first meditation came to an end with the realization that there was no way to justify his sensual observations. He proceeds to say that in that case he will regard himself â€Å"as not having hands, eyes, flesh, blood, and senses- but as having the false belief† that he has all those things. However, in his second meditation, he questions his knowledge of everything beyond his sensory perception. He begins to argue with himself about if he actually exists. Does he have a body? But his first meditation dictates that he has no body. But if he has no body or vessel, does that mean he doesn’t exist? He concludes that he must exist because someone is constantly deceiving him. And if he is constantly being deceived, then there must be something that exists which is being deceived. I find that Descartes’ theories and meditations provide a fallacy of information for the student. If one were to watch the movie Abres Los Ojos, a psychiatrist who helps the protagonist to find out the truth about his own reality. In the end, the movie-watcher finds out that the entire movie was a dream. Yet, the psychiatrist tries to tell the protagonist it is not just a simple dream for several reasons, the first being that he exists and is being deceived. Here we have an instance that perfectly demonstrates that erroneous belief of Descartes’, Cogito ergo sum. If this psychiatrist is only figment of the protagonist’s imagination, then is the psychiatrist not being deceived? But if he is only the figment of an imagination, then how can he exist? There are no answers to these questions in Descartes’ second meditation. To further support my inclination, studying the Hindu dogma would lead us to believe that we are all manifestations of Brahma in a dream as he sleeps; as soon as Brahma is to wake up, we would all stop to exist. If we are to still believe Descartes’ theory, then we must discuss the question: What does it mean to have a real existence? To draw on my first example, does the psychiatrist exist? The psychiatrist was a manifestation of some part of the protagonist and existed in his dream, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that the psychiatrist has a real existence. The psychiatrist must contemplate Descartes’ belief if he fights so hard for his own existence. In the movie Spider, a man rediscovers his past after spending the last 30-40 years in a mental institution. He relives his past when he is sent to a halfway house in his hometown. We are able to see his spiral into madness as his memories are perverted by himself. He decides that his father has killed his mother and replaced her with a local bar whore. He ends up figuring out that the woman he envisioned (and killed) was in actuality his mother with a mental masque that he projected onto her. In this situation, we must ask Descartes, who exists? The mother or the bar whore? To the protagonist, the bar whore exists and his mother is killed. However, to the protagonist’s father the woman his son sees as a bar whore is the same woman that he has been married to for almost fifteen years. But to the mind of the boy, it is no longer his mother. Furthermore, in another movie, eXistenZ, an entire universe is created for a game by plugging yourself into an organic computer. All the characters and people unique to that organic computer are now in question; do these characters exist? Are these characters real? To the gamer (the one plugged in), these people exist for the moment and only as long as they can be interacted with. This brings into question another philosophical debate of old: If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to here, does it make a sound? How do we know that things beyond our vision exist? Does everything that we can’t perceive with out senses still exist? We breathe air but we can’t see it, or taste it, much less hear or smell it. Thus we come back to Descartes’  first meditation: we don’t truly know what exists and we have no way of justifying our sensory perceptions. Through my own experiences, I posit that I exist because thought I don’t have total control over my surroundings, I can still cause ripples that will change my environment for myself or those who will come there at a later (indeterminate) time. Now to expand this theory, I believe that anything that can cause ripples in an environment exists. Consequently, most anything that we can perceive (and even more that we can’t) exist. Furthermore, just because a thing doesn’t think (for example: rocks, terra, tomatoes, ants) doesn’t mean it doesn’t exist, or that it isn’t. My belief also goes for the lack of an existence. For instance, if all the oxygen were to suddenly and instantaneously transport to a different place then a huge vacuum would form in the previous location of all the oxygen. The sudden appearance of oxygen would crowd up the new location and may even force out something else that also exists because that movement also causes a ripple. The initial location of the oxygen would find someway of filling up that space and anything else that exists would be most likely pulled into that area and causing yet more ripples. This system not only provides for existence, it provides a way to check if something exists; simply check if it causes an effect that provides a temporary or continuous change on the environment, and even if it doesn’t provide a change that can be readily registered by your senses that doesn’t necessarily mean that a thing doesn’t exist (see oxygen example in preceding paragraph). The only things that are not included in this definition is brain density; no matter how dense it is, the brain will produce the same thought processes and consequently not exist. Descartes is ultimately wrong in his conclusion that thought and contemplation of existence proves existence. In that case, what is existence? Existence occurs when a ripple is formed to change an environment, and therefore close to everything has existence of some kind, if only primary ripple effects are observed.

Telling a Good Poem from a Bad One

Telling a Good Poem from a Bad One Telling a Good Poem from a Bad One Telling a Good Poem from a Bad One By Maeve Maddox What makes a poem good? The answer ultimately lies with the reader of the poem, but there is a certain consensus as to what makes a poem good or bad. According to the critic Coleridge, prose is words in their best order, while poetry is the best words in their best order. Poetry demands precision. The novelist can get away with less than precise expression from time to time because the story will pull the reader along. The job of the poet is to create a picture in the mind and an emotion in the heart. Every single word counts. The wrong choicea word with the wrong connotation or the wrong number of syllables or an unlovely combination of consonant soundsspoils all. The underlying thought of the poem is also important. Some poems are written to create a picture only, but the most memorable poems also convey a universal truth about the human condition. For me, a good poem leaves me with goosebumps along my arms. I think a poem is bad when it lacks a discernible point and sounds like prose. People are led to write a poem because they have been strongly moved by some event. Theyve experienced a strong emotion, received an insight, and wish to capture the experience in words. Only a few, however, succeed in turning the experience into a poem that will be meaningful to another person. On his site dedicated to examples of bad poetry, Prof. Seamus Cooney observes that most bad poetry is simply weak and ineffectual and lacking in interest. He says that memorably bad poetry is created by a poet unaware of his or her defects. He says that a really dreadful poem is the product of the right combination of lofty ambition, humorless self-confidence, and crass incompetence†¦. He collects examples of bad poems as a teaching device: For the student, having a genuine insight into the true badness of some poems is, I think, a necessary corollary of having a grasp of what makes good poems good. Heres an excerpt from one of Prof. Cooneys bad poems: Twas the year of 1869, and on the 19th of November, Which the people in Southern Germany will long remember, The great rain-storm which for twenty hours did pour down, That the rivers were overflowed and petty streams all around. from Saving a Train by William McGonagall (1825-1902) A successful poem doesnt have to rhyme or scan or have a certain pattern of lines. It does need to paint a picture with carefully chosen words. It should have a point that a reader unknown to the poet can respond to. Fortunately, poets can study a wide variety of poetrygood and badin order to learn what works and what doesnt. Some anthologies for the poet: The Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1950 The Norton Anthology of Poetry (from Old English to Cynthia Zarin [b. 1959]) The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry The Stuffed Owl: An Anthology of Bad Verse Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical WordsStory Writing 10120 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

economic development on Americ essays

economic development on Americ essays Between 1815 and 1850....A national economy based on small-scale farming and local commerce matured into a far-flung capitalist marketplace entwined with world markets.(p.362). How? Include in your discussion the role of transportation and Industrial revolutions. What impact did this economic development have on American life? Between 1815 and 1850 the United States which is only made up of small farmers and businesses(traders) began to grow. America had expanded itself to the pacific coast. This great expansion was due to many changes in the marketplace, transportation, and industry. The cotton industry was a main factor in opening up America to major business. There was always a high demand for cotton and new technologies made cotton abundant in America. While cotton is very profitable in America, the transportation of goods around the country is crucial to trading. New roads, canals, waterways and railroads are built for this purpose. These forms of transportation connected major cities making transportation easier and cheaper. During this time, an Industrial revolution took place. Many new inventions were created that help speed up the production of goods. Textile factories were built and they were very successful. These changes had a major impact on American life. The growth of America d uring this time period help shape America into its present form. Cotton was a major influence to the expansion of America. The growth of cotton was a profitable crop that began to spread from South Carolina and Georgia to Mississippi and Alabama. The use of cotton had been in use since ancient times, but during the eighteenth century its market grew extensively. To grow cotton, labor was needed to pick the green seeds that were caught in it. This was a difficult process that required a lot of time. Farmers would purchase many slaves to do this work. This idea of using slaves for the production ...

Note Cards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Note Cards - Essay Example Paraphase: According to Hammond (2002) it will take until 2024 before Britain can attain the same staffing levels as Europe, thus existing staff are ridiculously overburdened. (as cited in Fleming, 2006) Paraphrase: that this shortage has resulted in almost twenty percent of Canadians having trouble locating a doctor, together with a lack of other health professionals such as radiologists, psychiatrists and obstetricians. He further stated that almost two thirds of family doctors are refusing or limiting new patients. (Fleming, 2006) Paraphrase: The lack of doctors and nurses in Canada is quickly reaching crisis point; in 2004, one hospital in Vancouver was forced to farm out almost a thousand patients because of a shortage of nurses and in 2006 another hospital had to cease all surgery for over a week because of a lack of nurses (Fleming, 2006). Paraphrase and quote: The lack of equipment in Britain has â€Å"reduced availability and eroded quality† and in Canada over fifty percent of equipment is outdated and only when it no longer functions, is it replaced (Fleming, 2006). Paraphrase: In Canada, doctors are not able to work properly because of inadequate availability time of operating rooms, and the limitations placed on the number of patients they can operate on means that those deemed not crucial often have to wait years before receiving surgery. (Fleming, 2006) Paraphrase: a study conducted by Alter, Naylor, Austin, Chan and Tu in 2003, wherein thirty percent more people living in Alberta were able to receive heart surgery than those living in Prince Edward Island. Another study undertaken by Pilote et al. in 2004, found that in Nova Scotia patients have to wait three weeks longer for heart surgery after a heart attack, than those living in Alberta. People living in the north of England are more liable to die of cancer then those living in the south of England; those living in the north are

Worksheets Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Worksheets - Assignment Example it did not have the military capability to resist USA (it had witnessed what USA has done in Vietnam) USA also knew that it had already send too much on war and therefore wanted to make peace with Russia to avoid further costs on wars. All these three nations were cognisant of their weaknesses and the need to mend fences with each other. There was a lot of mistrust during this time. The cold war had served its purpose to enlarge the Gap between the world USSR and USA (Todd, 2011). USA was pushing for a capitalist world economy while USSR was pushing for a communist world economy. USA’s intervention in Europe that was intended to protect capitalist interests were seen as an aggression against Russia. The fact that there was a tendency for China and USA to get together was seen as an alliance against the USSR. Kennan’s interpretation of the USSR was that it had the best systems, both in terms of economic system or political leadership. This view postulated that the USSR was the only way to make sure that the world did not get into chaos, the only way is to intervene because the capitalist world would not be able to live in peace and that the solution to the problems caused by the capitalist word would not be soluble with peace. The powers that would have the most negative impact would be China. The reason for this is because China would grow economically as tit continued to adopt capitalism while at the same time retaining the good elements of socialism. The size of its population combined with its culture and political leadership would mean that it would be able to pose a big threat to USA. ii) the solution is cited as a strong armed retaliation towards the enemy in this case being the middle east(Iraq especially) the speech cal for all American, the political arties and all concerned stakeholders to support the government in the armed retaliation towards the acts of the enemy. iv)These speeches indicate that the cold war was just a political gimmick. The

Destination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Destination - Essay Example A local tourism destination can be simply defined as a physical space where a visitor spends at least one overnight, and it includes tourism products such as attractions and support services and other tourism resources. The physical and administrative boundaries of the destination define its management whereas images and perceptions define its market competitiveness. In the current context of growing tourism sector contribution to the economic development of a region, an integrated management approach based on collective vision and strong leadership is vital to augment the scope of the destination. Destination management is an integral part of tourism development because this process is inevitable to meet the needs of foreign as well as domestic visitors effectively. According to the World Tourism Organisation, â€Å"destination management is the co-ordinated management of all the elements that make up a destination (attractions, amenities, access, marketing, and pricing.† (WH O, 2007, p. 4). Effective and joined destination management is beneficial to avoid duplication of efforts in relation to promotion, visitor services, training, and business support. In addition, destination management is a potential approach to identify management gaps that are not being addressed (Ibid, p.4). Hager and Sung (2011) claim that the concept of destination management delivers a range of benefits to the community as well as the economy and is particularly vital to respond positively to the growing need for multidisciplinary strategies aimed at local, regional, and national level tourism. In addition, destination management is beneficial to establish a competitive edge and to promote tourism sustainability. Furthermore, this collaborative management concept can assist tourism destinations to build a strong and vibrant identity. However, destination management is not a simple task as it requires extensive and collaborated efforts

Order Qualifiers and Order Winners for Toyota Essay Example for Free

Order Qualifiers and Order Winners for Toyota Essay Order Qualifiers can be described as aspects of competitiveness where the operation’s performance has to be above a particular level to be considered by the customer. Order Qualifiers may not be the major competitive determinants of success but are important in another way. (Jones, Robinson 2007) Order Winning Factors are those things which directly and significantly contribute to wining business. They are regarded by customers as key reasons for purchasing the product or service. Raising performance in an order wining factor will either result in more business or improve the chances of gaining more business. For Automotive industry, major order qualifiers could be defined as price, quality and variety. Toyota, Ford and GM are leading companies within that sector, which manufacture correspondent cars with these order qualifying factors mostly. However, due to high level of competitiveness, companies are struggling to keep their sales high. Even little problems within car or company may impact company’s future sales dramatically. Toyota is one of example that experienced reliability and quality problem with its cars lately likely Ford and GM experienced before. As result of upcoming reliability issue, if we look over market share of Toyota within North America, which takes place of its most sales in comparison with other regions around world, has faced with a serious decline in market share within 2008-2009 . Ford and GM also try to improve their market share within North America, while Toyota loses customers during 2008-2009 . On the other hand, Order winners for Toyota are continuous innovation of Toyota and standardized quality. People, who choose Toyota, are mostly satisfied with innovative internal and external features of Toyota’s cars. Since, Toyota always spares huge amounts of money about research and innovation for car manufacturing as explained in deeper within Toyota and Innovation section below. For Example, Prius, first mass production hybrid car in the world, is clear indicator of innovative mindset of Toyota Motor Corp. In terms of quality and flexibility, Toyota Quality Management is one of well known systems in world for car manufacturing quality control, which is still functioning and reason to buy a Toyota.

Sexual Abuse and Young Children Essay -- Child Abuse Essays

As reported in Child Maltreatment 2013, out of the estimated 905,000 victims of child abuse and neglect reported in the United States in 2013, 8.8% were victims of sexual abuse. 1 This means that in that year over 79,600 children were sexually abused in the United States. â€Å"There is general agreement among mental health and child protection professionals that child sexual abuse is not uncommon and is a serious problem in the United States.† 2 Sexual abuse has a very broad definition. According to the American Psychological Association, â€Å"a central characteristic†¦is the dominant position of an adult that allows him or her to force or coerce a child into sexual activity.† 3 The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines sexual abuse as: A. â€Å"the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct; or B. â€Å"the rape, and in cases of caretaker or inter-familial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or other form of sexual exploitation of children, or incest with children† 4 There are many different types of sexual abuse, some more extreme than others. Sexual abuse falls into two categories: contact and non-contact. 5 Sexual abuse involving contact â€Å"may include fondling a child's genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and anal intercourse† and non-contact sexual abuse could include â€Å"exposure, voyeurism, and child pornography.† 6 All sexual abuse, no matter how severe or mild by definition, is damaging to the young child and can affect his/her neurological and psychological development and health, and affect him/her throughout life. Sexual abuse negatively affects a young child’s neurological development. It causes toxic stress, a type of stress which children are unable to manage by themselves. 7 According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, exposure to toxic stress during early childhood can impair and disrupt development of brain circuits, which â€Å"can cause an individual to develop a low threshold for stress, thereby becoming overly reactive to adverse experiences throughout life.†8 High levels of stress hormones can also affect the child’s immune system and cause â€Å"cog... ... Symptoms  · Attempts to touch the genitals of others  · Sexualized play  · Detailed and age-inappropriate knowledge of sexual activity  · Excessive masturbatory behavior  · Reluctance to undress  · Avoidance of touch  · Increased startle response  · Hypervigilance  · Extreme fluctuations in heart rate (above 100 bpm or below 60 bpm)  · Sleep disturbance (bed wetting, nightmares)  · Drastic change in appetite somatic complaints  · Enuresis/encopresis  · Substance use  · Fatigue/exhaustion Emotional Symptoms  · Regression to younger developmental stage  · Lack of affect  · Withdrawal/depression  · Anxiety/irritability/fear  · Phobias  · Excessive guilt  · Feelings of helplessness  · Low self-esteem  · Obsessive ideas  · Self-hate  · Hyperalertness  · Dissociation Behavioral Symptoms  · Abrupt change in behavior or personality  · Aggression  · Excessive crying  · Over compliance  · School adjustment problems/sudden drop in school performance  · Temper tantrums  · Truancy or runaway behavior  · Self-mutilating/suicidal ideation/gestures/attempts  · Flashbacks/Avoidance  · Nightmares  · Lack of trust/social isolation/lack of friendships  · Hyperarousal ChildTrauma.org Sexual Abuse and Young Children Essay -- Child Abuse Essays As reported in Child Maltreatment 2013, out of the estimated 905,000 victims of child abuse and neglect reported in the United States in 2013, 8.8% were victims of sexual abuse. 1 This means that in that year over 79,600 children were sexually abused in the United States. â€Å"There is general agreement among mental health and child protection professionals that child sexual abuse is not uncommon and is a serious problem in the United States.† 2 Sexual abuse has a very broad definition. According to the American Psychological Association, â€Å"a central characteristic†¦is the dominant position of an adult that allows him or her to force or coerce a child into sexual activity.† 3 The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines sexual abuse as: A. â€Å"the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct; or B. â€Å"the rape, and in cases of caretaker or inter-familial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or other form of sexual exploitation of children, or incest with children† 4 There are many different types of sexual abuse, some more extreme than others. Sexual abuse falls into two categories: contact and non-contact. 5 Sexual abuse involving contact â€Å"may include fondling a child's genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and anal intercourse† and non-contact sexual abuse could include â€Å"exposure, voyeurism, and child pornography.† 6 All sexual abuse, no matter how severe or mild by definition, is damaging to the young child and can affect his/her neurological and psychological development and health, and affect him/her throughout life. Sexual abuse negatively affects a young child’s neurological development. It causes toxic stress, a type of stress which children are unable to manage by themselves. 7 According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, exposure to toxic stress during early childhood can impair and disrupt development of brain circuits, which â€Å"can cause an individual to develop a low threshold for stress, thereby becoming overly reactive to adverse experiences throughout life.†8 High levels of stress hormones can also affect the child’s immune system and cause â€Å"cog... ... Symptoms  · Attempts to touch the genitals of others  · Sexualized play  · Detailed and age-inappropriate knowledge of sexual activity  · Excessive masturbatory behavior  · Reluctance to undress  · Avoidance of touch  · Increased startle response  · Hypervigilance  · Extreme fluctuations in heart rate (above 100 bpm or below 60 bpm)  · Sleep disturbance (bed wetting, nightmares)  · Drastic change in appetite somatic complaints  · Enuresis/encopresis  · Substance use  · Fatigue/exhaustion Emotional Symptoms  · Regression to younger developmental stage  · Lack of affect  · Withdrawal/depression  · Anxiety/irritability/fear  · Phobias  · Excessive guilt  · Feelings of helplessness  · Low self-esteem  · Obsessive ideas  · Self-hate  · Hyperalertness  · Dissociation Behavioral Symptoms  · Abrupt change in behavior or personality  · Aggression  · Excessive crying  · Over compliance  · School adjustment problems/sudden drop in school performance  · Temper tantrums  · Truancy or runaway behavior  · Self-mutilating/suicidal ideation/gestures/attempts  · Flashbacks/Avoidance  · Nightmares  · Lack of trust/social isolation/lack of friendships  · Hyperarousal ChildTrauma.org

Natural environment Essay

History depicts that in the past, apartheid and Christian national education policies meant that races and cultures were segregated in schools and resources were unevenly distributed, making the role and the task of the teacher extra difficult in terms of balancing between the workload and catering for all learners needs. Education is inherently political as it involves values and goals in relation to such fundamental questions as what kind of individual and society are we trying to shape? These questions cannot be answered in a factual or technical way because they are questions of opinions, values and ideology and they are inevitably disagreements and conflicts (Carter, Harber & Serfi, 2003). The nature and reality of educators is that, it places so much importance on the teacher to ensure that learners succeed at the end of the day, although there are some factors external such as the environment, socio-economic and resources issues and resources which disturbs or defeats the purp ose of education. The teacher can either make or break the progress of the learner, meaning the teacher should cater equally for all the needs of the learners, as learners themselves are different in terms of race, gender and class. This means that the teacher should not be bias or discriminate towards a certain gender, race or class, as this will have a negative impact on the success or progress of the learners. In this essay I will discuss my experiences with the teachers who made a difference, the role they played in terms of perceiving gender, race and class in my life, and the reasons why they were significant and finally I will discuss the role I will play as a future teacher regardless of gender, race and class of the learners. The most features in class or school environment, is for the teacher to understand his or her learners and mostly interact with them on continuous basis, as problems learners encounter arise from time to time. These problems tend to distract learners and need the intervention of the teacher themselves. Sometimes learners struggle with the content required, a problem at home or moreover a personal problem. A good teacher must anticipate and have insight of foretelling and differenti ate amongst learners that are showing signs of encountering problem

Final Project of Fin619

[pic] Pass Dear Student you are declared PASS in your written work. Start preparing for presentation & viva voce and improve your work according to the given instructions and guidelines available at VULMS of your course under the icon DOWNLOADS after clicking COURSE WEBSITE at VULMS. Also read lesson # 7 of this course in this for effective preparation of your presentation slides. For any course related query and information, you can contact us via MDB, Email ([email  protected] edu. pk) and telephone (92 (42) 111 880 880 (Extension: 8851 or 3941). RATIO ANALYSIS OFASKARI BANK, UNITED BANK AND BANK ALFALAH FOR THE YEARS 2009, 2010, 2011 A PROPOSAL FOR REPORT TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA-Exec) Submitted By: AAMIR SHAHZAD MC100403644 MBA-Exec (Finance) SUBMISSION DATE: 02-02-2013 Virtual University of Pakistan Letter of Undert aking Job confirmation letter [pic] Dedication I would like to dedicate this project to My parents My Wife & My Kids Ashar Ali & Mubashar Ali AcknowledgementAll my efforts for my MBA and this Project would have been nothing with out the help and grace of Almighty Allah and I am always Gratified to Blessings of Allah. More than anybody else, I would like to acknowledge my uncle Mr. Ashfaq Ali Tabassam for his never ending support. He always guided me whenever I felt stuck off and his encouragement always worked as moral booster for me. I would like to extend my special thanks to my friend Mr. Aamir who advised me time to time and provided me technical assistance. I am highly indebted to my boss in my organization Mr.Muzaffar Ali who spared me and gave me ample time, out of my professional commitments, to go all out for my MBA from Virtual University of Pakistan. Executive Summary The purpose of this report titled â€Å"RATIO ANALYSIS OF ASKARI BANK, UNITED BANK AND BANK ALFALAH FOR THE YEARS 2009, 2010, 2011†is to investigate the financial performance of these banks during the mentioned period. The first chapter of this report deals with introduction of project and banks under study, financial period under consideration, objectives and significance of the project. The second part is about data processing and analysis.The fourth chapter is about calculation of different ratios its comparison and interpretation. In last chapter conclusions and recommendations have been given. The data for the study is collected from financial repots of the banks which are available on theirs respective websites. The financial reports included the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statements. As regards to finding of study, the Net Profit Margin ratio of Askari and bank Alfalah is low as compare to UBL. UBL is also on top in gross spread ratio, return on equity, debt ratio and Advance/Deposit ratio.While Askari Bank has better cash flow ratio and Price/Earning r atio. It is recommended for Bank Alfalah and Askari bank to cut down their non markup expenses to improve their Net Profit Margin Ratio while, on the other hand their turnover is satisfactory. UBL and Alfalah should decrease their current liabilities and ensure the availability of more liquidity to meet short term debts. Askari bank and bank Alfalah both banks need to adopt measures to cut down their interest expenses in order to increase their gross spread ratio.In order to increase non interest income Askari and Alfalah needs to increase their earnings through fees, commissions and other advisory charges etc. In Advance/Deposit ratio Askari bank and Alfalah should have to utilize their deposits in more projects either through corporate financing or general public financing. Table of Contents Section I Chapter 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 â⠂¬ ¢ 1. 1 Introduction of the project †¢ 1. 2 Banks Introduction †¢ 1. 4 Period Under Consideration †¢ 1. 5 Objectives †¢ 1. 6 Significance Chapter 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 †¢ 2. 1 Data Collection 2. 2 Data Processing and Analysis Chapter 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 †¢ 3. 1 Net Profit Margin †¢ 3. 2 Operating cash flow ratio †¢ 3. 3 Gross Spread ratio †¢ 3. 4 Non-interest income to total income ratio †¢ 3. 5 Spread ratio †¢ 3. 6 Advances/deposit ratio †¢ 3. 7 Return on total equity (ROE) †¢ 3. 8 Debt ratio †¢ 3. 9 Debt/Equity ratio †¢ 3. 10 Price/Earning ratio Chapter 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26 †¢ 4. 1 Conclusions †¢ 4. 2 Recommendations Section I †¢ a) Student Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦29 †¢ b) Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦30 Section IChapter 1 1. Project Introduction The financial ratio analysis techniques referred to in this aid could be useful to analyze any company financial performance. This study is also going to investigate the financial performance of three mentioned banks e. g. Askari bank, united bank and Bank Alfalah. These banks are surveying in the Pakistani Market and are competitors each other. Hence this study is going to find out which bank has strong financial position over other two banks. With the h elp of financial ratio analysis we can analyze the financial position of any company.Many stakeholders, investors, creditors may analyze any company, firms financial position with the help of ratio analysis before taking any important decision regarding to investments or any other. Therefore financial ratio is a mathematical correlation among several numbers often stated in the form of percentage, times, or days. 1. 2 Banks Introduction Askari Bank was incorporated in Pakistan on October 9, 1991, as a public limited company. It commenced operation on April 1, 1992, and is principally engaged in the business of banking, as defined in the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962.The Bank is listed on Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad Stock Exchanges. Since inception, the bank has concentrated on growth through improving service quality, investment in technology and people, utilizing its extensive branch network which includes Islamic and Agricultural banking. United Bank Limited (UBL) was incorp orated in Pakistan on November 7th 1959. In 1963 the bank opened its first overseas branch in London, United Kingdom. In 1971 the UBL was nationalized by the Government. In 2002, the Government of Pakistan sold it in an open auction to a consortium of Abu Dhabi Group and Bestway.Currently UBL is one of the largest commercial banks in Pakistan having more than 1,220 online branches inside the country. Its 15 branches outside the country are in the United States of America, Qatar, UAE, Bahrain, and Republic of Yemen. It also has representative offices in Tehran (Iran), and Almaty (Kazakhstan). It owns subsidiaries in the UK (United National Bank Limited), and in Zurich (Switzerland). Bank Alfalah Limited was incorporated on June 21st, 1992 as a public limited company under the Companies Ordinance 1984. Its banking operations commenced from 1st Nov, 1997.The Bank is currently operating through various branches in Pakistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh & Afghanistan, with the registered office a t B. A. Building, I. I. Chundrigar, Karachi. Strengthened with the banking of the Abu Dhabi Group and driven by the strategic goals set out by its board of management, the Bank has invested in revolutionary technology to have an extensive range of products and services. During the past five years, Bank Alfalah has emerged as one of the foremost financial institution in the region endeavoring to meet the needs of tomorrow today. 3. Financial Period Under-Consideration for Analysis:Financial period under consideration for analysis (2009, 2010, 2011) 4. Objectives 1. To analyze the selected banks efficiency in managing their resource for generating profit 2. To composition of capital structure of the selected banks, how much of the bank’s assets are financed through external and internal debt. 3. To find out that how effectively selected banks are maximizing their profit by controlling their interest expenses. 4. To compare the selected banks interest income with their interest expenses. 5. Are banks able to pay the current liabilities from their cash equivalents? . Significance The significance of these projects may include the following 1. The finding of this research will be more beneficial for investors, creditors, to take good decision after seeing the result of ratio. They can easily analyze the bank position through this study result. Bank Management may also study the finding of this study to determine the success or failure of particular sales, marketing as well as financing strategies. 2. At the end of this research, we will be able to get which bank is more able to pay its current liabilities from their cash equivalents. 3.The major outcomes of this research, this study will clear the concept regarding to financial ratio analysis in banking sector by applying different ratios. 4. This research may help the stakeholders to analyze financial ratios result before taking any serious decisions. 5. Financial mangers of selected banks also take advanta ges from this study to identify their bank strengths and weakness and will improve their poor areas. Chapter 2) Data Processing & Analysis 1. Data Collection Sources Study has used three banks annual reports/balance sheet, income statements, cash flow statements for data analysis and data processing.In research only secondary would be used to access the objectives which are mentioned as above. The study has used secondary sources to access the objectives of this research. The sources of this research were three banks websites. Annual reports were collected from the websites 2. Data Processing and Analysis Tools: Data was processed, analyzed and all the entry has done on excel sheet. Hence Study has used Excel sheet for data analysis and for calculation purpose. Result has been displayed on MS world in tabulation form with interpretation. Chapter 3) Data Analysis Ratio Analysis 1 Net Profit Margin SignificanceNet profit margin ratio explicit the profitability of the institution again st the revenue. It will also define the performance of the company in its operations in the market. So, shareholders assess it carefully in order to take their economic decisions. FORMULA: Net profit margin= (Net profit/ Revenue) *100 |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |9,192,687/61,107,025*100 |11,159,930/59,331,761*100 |15,499,663/70,450,475*100 | | |15. 4% |18. 81% |22. 00% | |Askari Bank |1,097,507/22,586,736*100 |943,177/27,952,162*100 |1,627,698/32,766,351*100 | | |4. 86% |3. 37% |4. 97% | |Bank Alfalah |897035/35561312 *100= |968452/37530256*100= |3503130/44298178*100= | | |2. 2% |2. 58% |7. 91% | |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |15. 04 |18. 81 |22. 00 | |Askari Bank |4. 86 |3. 37 |4. 97 | |Bank Alfalah |2. 2 |2. 58 |7. 91 | [pic] Interpretation and comparison The analysis of above table and graph depicts that the Net Profit Margin of all the Three banks is increasing. UBL is on the top with 15. 04% earning in the period of 2009 and increasing in the respective years with 18. 81 % in the year 2010 and 22% in 2011 which shows a positive trend which is due to the stringent control on operating expenses . While on the side, Askari bank Profit margin shows minor fluctuation with 4. 6% in the period 2009 then decreases in 2010 to 3. 37% owing to increase in non markup expenses and increases to 4. 49% in the year 2011. Profit margin of Bank Alfalah is also showing positive ness which is 2. 52% in 2009 and 2. 58% in the year 2010 and sore up to 7. 91% in 2011. 2 Operating Cash Flow Ratio Significance The ratio explains the cash flows of the bank or company which it earns by its operations and analyze it against it current liabilities to determine how well a company is in paying its debts which fall due in the financial year.FORMULA: Operation Cash Flow Ratio= Net cash generated from operating activities/ Current Liabilities |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |23,099,432/262214540= |100,070,348/369628811= |108,571,682/407621100= | | |0. 09 times |0. 27 times |0. 7 tim es | |Askari Bank |36,245,071/49327164= |35,810,016/114583064= |36,491,839/14943963= | | |0. 73 Times |0. 31 times |2. 44 times | |Bank Alfalah |19945927/350833577= |18112043/184831395= |54274913/194917015= | | |0. 06 times |0. 0 time |0. 28 time | |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |0. 09 |0. 27 |0. 27 | |Askari Bank |0. 73 |0. 31 |2. 44 | |Bank Alfalah |0. 06 |0. 0 |0. 28 | [pic] Working Current Liabilities of UBL 2009 2010 2011 †¢ Bills payable (Short term) 5,147,259 5,045,815 5,879,043 †¢ Borrowings (Short term) 35,018,765 44,187,313 45,534,286 †¢ Deposits and other accounts (Short term) 209,685,205 319,797,360 340,999,875 †¢ Liabilities against assets subject to finance Lease (Short term). – – – †¢ Other liabilities (Short term) 12,363,311 369,628,811 407,621,100 †¢ Total 262,214,540 369628811 407,621,100 Working Current Liabilities of Askari Bank 009 2010 2011 †¢ Bills payable (Short term) 2,945,6703,089,9842,756,032 †¢ Borrowings (Short term) 19,300,16325,554,7772,758,043 †¢ Deposits and other accounts (Short term) 22,247,84228,646,7715,516,086 †¢ Liabilities against assets subject to finance ease (Short term). – – – †¢ Other liabilities (Short term) 4,833,48957,291,5323,913,802 †¢ Total 49,327,16411458306414,943,963 Working Current Liabilities of Bank Alfalah 2009 2010 2011 Bills payable (Short term) 3,766,144 4,521,533 5,403,453 †¢ Borrowings (Short term) 20,107,541 13,050,006 17,060,524 †¢ Deposits and other accounts (Short term) 320,249,261 161,368,880 165,257,870 †¢ Liabilities against assets subject to finance lease (Short term). 4,429 3,031 – †¢ Other liabilities (Short term) 6,706,202 5,887,945 7,195,168 †¢ Total 350,833,577184,831,395194,917,015Interpretation and comparison The analysis of the above table and graph show that Operating Cash Flow of UBL is 0. 09 times in the period 2009 and 0. 27 times in the perio ds 2010 and 2011 shows consistency in respective years. While the cash flow of Askari bank is 0. 73 times in 2009 and decreases to 0. 31 times due to decline in cash generated from operating activities and increases to 2. 44 times in the year 2011 due to the decline in short term liabilities and increase in cash generation. Cash flow of Bank Alfalah is 0. 6times in the year 2009 and 0. 10 times in 2010 and 0. 28 times in the period 2011 shows increasing trend. 3 Gross Spread Ratio Significance It is being calculated by dividing the difference of interest earned and expensed by interest expensed on the deposits of the public. It will help to measure the markup income of the bank in the reporting period. FORMULA: Gross Spread Ratio = (Mark-up / return / interest earned – Mark-up / return / interest expensed) / Mark-up / return / interest earned*100 Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |61,107,025- 28,163,787= |59,331,761- 24,997,188= |70,450,475 -31,025,869= | | |32,943,238/61,107,02 5= |34,334,573/59,331,761= |39,424,606/70,450,475= | | |53. 1% |57. 87% |55. 96% | |Askari Bank |22,586,736 – 13,554,078 = |27,952,162 – 17,936,616= |32,766,351- 22,699,583= | | |9,032,658/22,586,736 = |10,015,546/27,952,162= |10,066,768/32,766,351 = 30. 72 % | | |39. 99% |35. 3 % | | |Bank Alfalah |35561312 – 24654180 =10907132/35561312 =|37530256 – 23855448= |44298178 –25687485= | | |30. 67% |13674808/37530256 = |18610693/44298178 = | | | |36. 44% |42. 01% |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |53. 91 |57. 87 |55. 96 | |Askari Bank |39. 99 |35. 83 |30. 72 | |Bank Alfalah |30. 67 |36. 44 |42. 1 | [pic] Interpretation and comparison The analysis of the above table and graphical representation shows the Gross Spread Ratio of UBL 53. 91% in the period 2009 and increases to 57. 87% in the period 2010 and then decreases to 55. 96% in 2011 respectively, UBL is on the top in interest earning in the market. Askari bank ratio is 39. 99% in the period 2009, 35. 8 3% and 30. 72% in the periods 2010 and 2011. While Bank Alfalah ratio is increasing from 2009 to 2011 with 30. 67%, 36. 44% and 42. 01% which is better marginally then other banks.But UBL is earning more as compare to other two banks due to better policy making and service. 4 Non-Interest Income to Total Income Ratio Significance It is other income which a bank earn from its services related to non markup sources such as advisory services and consultation provided in risk management etc. It describes the percentage of non interest income to total income of the bank or company. FORMULA: Non Mark-up / interest income to total income ratio= non mark-up / interest income / (non mark-up / interest income +Mark-up / return / interest earned)*100 Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |11,419,571/72526596= |10,090,162/69421923= |12,718,253/83168728= | | |15. 75% |14. 53% |15. 29% | |Askari Bank |2,544,415/25131151= |2,800,297/30752459= |2,902,921/35669272= | | |10. 2% |9. 11% |8. 14% | |Bank Alfal ah |5182253/40743565 = |4708161/42238417= |5367713/49665891 = | | |12. 72 % |11. 15% |10. 81% | |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |15. 5 |14. 53 |15. 29 | |Askari Bank |10. 12 |9. 11 |8. 14 | |Bank Alfalah |12. 72 |11. 15 |10. 81 | [pic] Interpretation and comparison The analysis of the above table and graph shows the Non Interest income of all the three banks with the highest ratio of UBL which is 15. 75% in the period 2009 and 14. 3% in the period 2010 and in 2011 is 15. 29% in comparison with Askari bank and Bank Alfalah. Askari Bank earn 10. 12% in the period 2009 and 9. 11% and 8. 14% in 2010 and 2011 which is declining. While Bank Alfalah ratios are 12. 72%, 11. 15% and 10. 81% in the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 is declining respectively. So, UBL shows better ratio as compare to the other banks in all the three years. The Results shows that UBL shows fluctuation while the other banks ratios show declining trend. Working of Total income of UBL Total Income= (Non mark-up / interest income +Mark-up / return / interest earned)    |Total Income |   |   | |Non Mark-up/interest income |11,419,571 |10,090,162 |12,718,253 | |Mark-up/return/interest earned |61,107,025 |59,331,761 |70,450,475 | |Total Income = |72526596 |69421923 |83168728 | Working of Total income of Askari Bank    |Total Income |   |   | |Non Mark-up/interest income |2,544,415 |2,800,297 |2,902,921 | |Mark-up/return/interest earned |22,586,736 |27,952,162 |32,766,351 | |Total Income |25131151 |30752459 |35669272 |Working of Total Income of Bank Alfalah Total Income= (Non mark-up / interest income +Mark-up / return / interest earned) |   |Total Income |   |   | |Non Mark-up/interest income |5182253 |4708161 |5367713 |Mark-up/return/interest earned |35561312 |37530256 |44298178 | |Total Income |40743565 |42238417 |49665891 | Interpretation and comparison Interpretation is missing. 5 Spread Ratio Significance It is the ratio that describes the markup spread between income and expens e. It helps to measure how much income bank earns by incurring markup cost.Higher ratio shows more profitability through loans and investments. Formula:- Spread Ratio = Interest Earned / Interest Expensed |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |61,107,025/28,163,787= |59,331,761/24,997,188= |70,450,475/31,025,869= | | |2. 17 times |2. 37 times |2. 7 times | |Askari Bank |22,586,736/13,554,078= |27,952,162/17,936,616= |32,766,351/22,699,583= | | |1. 68 times |1. 56 times |1. 44 times | |Bank Alfalah |35561312/24654180 = |37530256/23855448= |44298178/25687485= | | |1. 44 times |1. 7 times |1. 72 times | |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |2. 17 |2. 37 |2. 27 | |Askari Bank |1. 67 |1. 56 |1. 44 | |Bank Alfalah |1. 44 |1. 7 |1. 72 | [pic] Interpretation and comparison The analysis of the above table and graph shows the Spread Ratio of the UBL which is highest as compare to the other two banks, is at 2. 17 times in the year 2009 and increases to 2. 37 times in the year 2010 and 2. 27 times in the year 2011, decreases the zig zag trend is due to the fluctuation in both aspects interest earn and expensed. While the ratio of Askari bank 1. 67% in the year 2009, 1. 56% in the year 2010 and 1. 4% in the year 2011 respectively. Bank Alfalah ratio shows increasing trend throughout the three years 2009 to 2011 which are as 1. 44%, 1. 57%, 1. 72% which shows better recovery of interest income from its investments 6 Advances / Deposits Ratio Significance It defines the advances banks make from the available deposits. It measures the ability of the bank in fruitful usage of money of the depositors which will increase the markup income. FORMULA: Advances / Deposits Ratio= Total Advances/ Total Deposits Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |354,091,713/492,036,103= |333,732,172/550,645,767= |325,347,208/612,980,139= | | |0. 72 times |0. 61 times |0. 53 times | |Askari Bank |135,034,499/205,970,227= |152,784,137/255,936,503= |150,710,709/291,502,993= | | |0. 6 times |0. 60 times |0. 52 times | |Bank Alfalah |188042438/324759752= |207152546/354015311= |198468512/401247886= | | |0. 58 times |0. 59 times |0. 49 times | |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |0. 2 |0. 61 |0. 53 | |Askari Bank |0. 66 |0. 60 |0. 52 | |Bank Alfalah |0. 58 |0. 59 |0. 49 | [pic] Interpretation and comparison The analysis of the above table and graph shows Advance/Deposit ratio of UBL which is very high as compare to other banks 0. 2 times in the year 2009 and 0. 61 times in the year 2010 and 0. 53 in the year 2011. Askari bank ratio is 0. 66 times, 0. 60 times and 0. 52 times in the consecutive years 2009, 2010 and 2011. While the ratio of bank Alfalah is 0. 58 times in 2009 and increases to 0. 59 times 2010 and decline drastically to 0. 49 times in 2011with 0. 10 times which shows that Bank Alfalah is not utilizing its deposits effectively as compare to other banks. 7 Return on Total Equity (ROE) Significance It measures income bank earns from the equity.It determines the ability of the institution how productively it uses the money of shareholders in its business. High ratio will allure more investors. FORMULA: Return on total Equity=Net Income/ Total equity*100 |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |9,192,687/52276246*100= |11,159,930/60180924*100= |15,499,663/70,622,933*100= | | |17. 58 % |18. 4 % |21. 94% | |Askari Bank |1097507/ 13142688 |943177/ 14820578*100= |1627698/ 16508782*100= | | |*100= 8. 35 % |6. 36 % |9. 86 % | |Bank Alfalah |897035/ 19770260 *100= |968452/ 19726556*100= |3503130/ 22839886*100= | | |4. 4 % |4. 91 % |15. 34 % | |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |17. 58 |18. 54 |25. 76 | |Askari Bank |8. 35 |6. 36 |9. 86 | |Bank Alfalah |4. 4 |4. 91 |15. 34 | [pic] Working of Total Equity UBL (UBL) |   |Working Total equity |   |   | |   |Total Equity |   |   | |   |2009 |2010 |2011 |Share capital |11,128,907 |12,241,798 |12,241,798 | |Reserves |18,959,537 |21,688,637 | | |Un appropriated profit |22,187,802 |26,250,489 | | |Total Equity |52276246 |60180924 | | |   |   |   |   | Working of Total Equity (Askari bank)    |2009 |2010 |2011 | |Share capital |5,073,467 |6,427,440 |7,070,184 | |Reserves |7,235,710 |7,691,319 |8,136,440 | |Un appropriated profit |833,511 |701,819 |1,302,158 | |Total Equity |13,142,688 |14,820,578 |16,508,782 | Working of Total Equity (Bank Alfalah)    |2009 |2010 |2011 | |Share capital |13491563 |13491563 |13491563 | |Reserves |3587969 |3819133 |4100264 | |Un appropriated profit |2690728 |2415860 |5248059 | |Total Equity |19770260 |19726556 |22839886 | Interpretation and comparison The analysis of the above table and graph show the Return On equity of all the three banks. UBL ratio is 17. 58% in the year 2009, 18. 54% in the year 2010 and 25. 76% in the year 2011. While Askari bank ratio is 8. 35% in 2009, 6. 36% in the period 2010 and 9. 86% in 2011 respectively. Bank Alfalah ratios are 4. 54%, 4. 91% and 15. 34% in the periods 2009, 2010 and 2011.So on marginal basis Alfalah improves utilizat ion of equity then other two banks. But on the whole, UBL is on the top in optimum utilization of stakeholders equity. 8 Debt Ratio Significance It measures the liabilities of the bank or company against the total assets. It should be low as investors like low ratio because the need their residual interest to be secured. FORMULA: Debt ratio= (Total debt/ Total assets)*100 |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |558,779,710/619,718,433*100= |631,402,822/699,817,887*100= |698,906,833/778,059,741*100= | | |90. 7% |90. 22 % |89. 83 % | |Askari Bank |239,378,374/254,327,446*100= |298,740,410/314,744,552*100= |325,980,040/343,756,306*100= | | |94. 12 % |94. 92% |94. 83% | |Bank Alfalah |366936635/389070055*100= |389178295/411483839*100= |442396764/468173802*100= | | |94. 31% |94. 58 % |94. 49 % | Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |90. 17 |90. 22 |89. 83 | |Askari Bank |94. 12 |94. 92 |94. 83 | |Bank Alfalah |94. 31 |94. 58 |94. 49 | [pic] Interpretation and comparison The analysis of the above ta ble and graph show the Debt Ratio, UBL ratio is 90. 17 in the year 2009, 81. 15% in the year 2010 and 99. 7% in the year 2011. Askari bank ratio is 94. 12% in 2009, 94. 12% in 2010 and 94. 83% in 2011 which show consistency in the three years. Bank Alfalah shows also consistent trend in 2009, 2010 and 2011 are 94. 31%, 94. 58% and 94. 49%. So results show that UBL ratio is increasing which is not good indication as compare to other banks, while other banks are controlling effectively their Debt ratio. 9 Debt / Equity Ratio Significance It is the percentage of liabilities to shareholders’ money. It will define either the bank is equity or liability based. It also helps to assess the how risky the company is. FORMULA: Debt / Equity Ratio = (total debt/ total equity) Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |558,779,710/52276246= |631,402,822/60180924= |698,906,833/70,622,933= | | |10. 69 times |10. 49 times |9. 90 times | |Askari Bank |239,378,374/13142688= |298,740,410/14820578= |325, 980,040/16508782= | | |18. 21 times |20. 16 times |19. 75 times | |Bank Alfalah |366936635/19770260 = 18. 56 times |389178295/19726556= 19. 73 times |442396764/22839886= 19. 37 times | Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |10. 69 |10. 49 |11. 61 | |Askari Bank |18. 21 |20. 16 |19. 75 | |Bank Alfalah |18. 56 |19. 73 |19. 37 | [pic] Interpretation and comparison The analysis of the above table and graph shows the Debt/Equity ratio where UBL ratio is 10. 69% in 2009,10. 49% in the year 2010 and 11. 1% in the year 2011 respectively which remains consistent in first two years then increases in 2011. Askari bank ratio is 18. 21% in 2009 which too high as compare to UBL, 20. 16% in 2010 and 19. 75% in the year 2011. While Bank Alfalah is on the same level 18. 56% in 2009, 19. 73% and 19. 37% in the years 2010 and 2011. As as consequence of analysis, UBL ratio is much better then other banks as its ratio is approximately 8% below the other banks ratio. 10 Price/Earnings Ratio Significance It will define the price of share against the per share earning. It should be high as it shows business prosperity and growth chances are bright in future. FORMULA: P/E = Current Market Share Price/ EPS Working of EPS EPS WORKING UBL 2009 |2010 |2011 | |Net Income= 9,192,687 |Net Income= 11,159,930 |Net Income= 15,499,663 | |Number of shares= 1,112,890 |Number of shares= 1,224,179 |Number of shares= 1,224,179 | |= Net income/ outstanding number of shares |= Net income/ outstanding number of shares | | |=9,192,687 / 1,112,890 |= 11,159,930/1,224,179 |= Net income/ outstanding number of shares | |= 8. 26 per share |= 9. 12 per share |= 15,499,663/1,224,179 | | | |= 12. 66 per share |No of outstanding share figure has been taken from the notes i. e Share capital EPS WORKING ASKARI BANK |2009 |2010 |2011 | |Net Income= 1,097,507 |Net Income=943,177 |Net Income= 1,627,698 | | |Number of shares= 642,743 |Number of shares= 707,018 | |Number of shares= 507,346 |= Net income/ outstanding numbe r of shares | | |= 943,177/642,743 |= Net income/ outstanding number of shares | |= Net income/ outstanding number of shares |= 1. 47 per share |= 1,627,698/707,018 | |= 1,097,507/507,346 | | | | | |= 2. 30 per share | |= 2. 16 per share | | | BANK Alfalah 2009 |2010 |2011 | |Net Income= 897,035 |Net Income= 968,452 |Net Income= 3,503,130 | |Number of shares= 134,9156 |Number of shares= 134,9156 |Number of shares= 134,9156 | |= Net income/ outstanding number of shares |= Net income/ outstanding number of shares |= Net income/ outstanding number of shares | |= 897,035/ 134,9156 |= 968,452/ 134,9156 |= 3,503,130/ 134,9156 | |= 0. 66 per share |= 0. 71 per share |= 2. 59 per share | |0. 66 |0. 71 |2. 59 | Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |64. 25/8. 26= 7. 77 times |84. 23/9. 12= 9. 23 times | 84. 17/12. 66= 6. 64 times | |Askari Bank |45. 25/2. 16 = 20. 92 times |64. 75/1. 47 = 44. 12 times |73. 49/2. 30 = 31. 92 times | |Bank Alfalah |77. 45/0. 66 = 116. 48 times |114. 23/0. 72= 159. 13 times |16. 87/2. 60= 6. 69 times | |Banks |2009 |2010 |2011 | |UBL |7. 77 |9. 3 |6. 64 | |Askari Bank |20. 92 |44. 12 |31. 92 | |Bank Alfalah |116. 48 |159. 13 |6. 69 | [pic] Interpretation and comparison The analysis of the above table and graph shows the Price Earning ratios, UBL ratio is 7. 77 times in the year 2009, 9. 23 times in 2010 and 6. 64 times in the year 2011is respectively declining. While Askari bank ratio 20. 92 times in 2009, 44. 12 times in 2010 and increases to 31. 2, on the other hand you can see the P/E of bank Alfalah in year 2009,2010, 2011 is 116. 48 in year 2009, 159. 13 year 2010 and 6. 69 in year 2011. After the result it has proved that Bank Alfalah P/E is higher and better in year 2009 and year 2010 than other two banks. Askari bank and UBL shows declining trend which is unfavorable for the investors. Chapter 4) Conclusion and Recommendations 4. 1) Conclusion Following findings has been inferred on the basis of above ratio analyses which are as 1 . Net profit margin ratio of UBL is high as compare to Askari and Alfalah. In addition to that, Bank Alfalah captures the second level in the comparison.So, UBL has taken over the major share of profit margin 2. Analysis of Operating Cash Flow ratio shows Askari bank ratio is high as compare to UBL and Alfalah. 3. On the basis of ratio analysis UBL gross spread ratio is good and high as compare to Askari and bank Alfalah in the current year. While Bank Alfalah is ranked second in the comparison. 4. In accordance with the analysis of non-interest income to total income ratio UBL ratio is high as compare to the other two banks. While analysis show Askari bank ratio is lowest than UBL and bank Alfalah. 5. The analysis has shown UBL spread ratio is high and much better than other banks in comparison. 6.On the basis of advance/Deposit ratio analysis UBL ratio is high as compare to Askari and Alfalah in the current year. 7. The analysis of Return on equity ratio shows that UBL return is h igh and better than the other two banks. 8. Debt ratio Analysis shows that UBL ratio is high than other two banks. While Askari and Alfalah are at the same level. 9. According to the analysis of Debt/Equity ratio Askari bank ratio is high and bank Alfalah is on the second position. 10. The Price/Earning ratio of Askari bank is high in the analysis of the three banks. While UBL is on the second and bank Alfalah is on the third rank. 4. 2) Recommendations 1. The Net profit Margin ratio of Askari and bank Alfalah is low.In order to improve their net profit both the banks should have to cut down their non markup expenses while, on the other hand their turnover is satisfactory. 2. The Operating cash flow of UBL and Alfalah should have to be improved. These banks should decrease their current liabilities and ensure the availability of more liquidity to meet short term debts. 3. Askari bank and bank Alfalah both banks need to adopt measures to cut down their interest expenses in order to i ncrease their gross spread ratio. 4. In order to increase non interest income Askari and Alfalah needs to increase their earnings through fees, commissions and other advisory charges etc. 5.In Advance/Deposit ratio Askari bank and Alfalah should have to utilize their deposits in more projects either through corporate financing or general public financing. 6. 6. Return on total equity of Askari bank is low, it should increase its net income by cut down its expenses with significant margin. 7. Debt ratio of UBL is high so it should have to avoid more borrowings and use available funds in more proper ways. 8. Spread ratio of Askari bank is low as compare to other banks it should have to increase its lending and use deposits in effective ways. SECTION II a) Introduction of the student Last Degree Obtained: – Bachelor of Commerce Current Organization Dubai City Flowers LLC, Dubai, UAECurrent Designation: – Administration Manger Experience 10+ years b) BIBLOGRAPHY Askari ban k limited Pakistan. (2009). annual-reports. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from Askari bank Limited Official website:http://www. askaribank. com. pk/Reports/Askari%20Financials%202009. pdf Askari bank limited Pakistan. (2010). annual-reports. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from Askari bank Limited Official website:http://www. askaribank. com. pk/Reports/Askari%20AR2010%20(Final%20Version). pdf Askari bank limited Pakistan. (2011). annual-reports. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from Askari bank Limited Official website: http://www. askaribank. com. k/Reports/Askari%20AR%202011%20ALL. pdf United bank limited . (2009). Financial-reports. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from United bank Limited Official website: https://www. ubldirect. com/corporate/resources/ubl/aboutus/financial_report/report_2009/annual_dec09/UBLAnnualReport2009. pdf. United bank limited . (2010). Financial-reports. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from United bank Limited Official website: https://www. ubldirect. com/corporate/resour ces/ubl/aboutus/financial_report/report_2010/annual_dec10/UBLAnnualReport2010. pdf United bank limited . (2011). Financial-reports. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from United bank Limited Official website: https://www. ubldirect. om/corporate/resources/ubl/aboutus/financial_report/report_2011/Annual_Reports/UBL%20Annual%20Report%202011. pdf Bank Alfalah Limited. (2009). Financial-reports. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from Bank Alfalah Limited Official website: http://www. bankalfalah. com/about/download/AnnualReport2009. pdf Bank Alfalah Limited. (2010). Financial-reports. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from Bank Alfalah Limited Official website: http://www. bankalfalah. com/about/download/BALAnnualReport2010. pdf Bank Alfalah Limited. (2011). Financial-reports. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from Bank Alfalah Limited Official website: http://www. bankalfalah. com/about/download/BALAnnualReport2011. pdf