Bone :: Biology

The epidemiology study in Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland continueed the relative incidence of breakage in 2000 which was 5,953 fractures in a population of 534,715 (11.3 in 1,000). (1) In general, the cram has a physiologic repairing process which consists of three basic steps inflammation, proliferation and remodeling and the fracture fecal matter be healed spontaneously. (2) Failure of physiological regeneration of these steps which capability cause the fracture nonunion. (3)This pathologic condition is one of the important complications by and by treatment fracture which occurs about 5-10% (Littenberg et al., 1998, Tzioupis and Giannoudis, 2007). It leads increase cost for further treatments and morbidity of the perseverings. (5) Moreover, the standard treatment, surgeon has to harvest the bone graft from the iliac crest and the patient also have a major second operation, for example decorticated bone, make the non union site bleeding and apply the bone graft. (6) There is a report that harvesting bone graft from iliac crest can lead the painful scar and numbness around the harvest site and affect property of life of the patient(Schwartz et al., 2009). Fortunately, nonunion can be prevented by many procedures, good surgical technique and proper implanted selection. (8) Minimally invasive (MIS) technique becomes to a greater extent popular and there are many developed modern instruments which are friendly and easy usable. The advantage of the development is less tissue hurttized procedure which can preserve the biological around the fracture site. (9) We can also prevent hypertrophic nonunion by providing an enough mechanic stability factor. (10) However, the high energy trauma as well as severe open fracture can make devastation of the soft tissue around the fracture site and might impair the biologic requirement for fracture mend .(11)And in this circumstance the prevention by using MIS technique or even more untouchable stability implant cannot preventable because the soft tissue have loosen before treatment. Eventually, the atrophic nonunion might occur due to impair of the biologic component. (12) It is, thus, reasonable to augment with the biologic component for enhance and prevent bone healing in high risk case. The biologic part to support bone healing is consisted of the mediator part such as growth factors or cytokines and cellular part which are involved and orchestrated in fracture healing process. (13) Recently, promote and enhance healing process by difference kinds of mediator have been studied and reported. Interleukin, BMP, VEGF and bone stimulating mediator have positive offspring for fracture healing and BMP2 and BMP7 have been accepted for treatment as the biologic stimulated in Human.

Differences of Love in Shakespeares Romeo and Juleit Essay -- Shakespe

Two lovers, different in beliefs, yet the same in metreghts and feelings, are clan to have a tragical ending in their life story. In William Shakespeares The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare portrays differences among the love of Romeo for Juliet, and the love of Juliet for Romeo. Many people often wonder why this love between Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet did not turn fall out for the best. It is not their love for one another that finally breaks them apart from the world, it is the route they love one another. The couple struggled to the death assay to make their passionate love work out with each other, but their many differences kept coming up in their lives and getting in the way of their love. While Romeo is a Manic lover and Juliet is an Erotic lover, their love is more likely to be star-crossed.Romeo is a Manic type of lover, which is the main reason why The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet did not have a happy ending. There are many examples of Romeo bein g a Manic lover. One good example is when he is talking to Friar Lawrence the morning after Romeo meets Juliet and sneaks away to her house to woo her. Romeo says to Friar Lawrence, ?Then plainly know my hearts dear love is set / On the fair daughter of rich Capulet, / As mine on hers, so hers is set on mine?/ We met, we wooed, and made exchange of vow?/ That thou consent to marry us today? (II, iii, 57-59, 62, 64). This explains how Romeo becomes intensely preoccupied with thoughts of Juliet and need for Juliet?s love. Romeo?s heart is set on Juliet, and he can?t stop thinking about her. Inside, Romeo also knows that Juliet loves him, too, and her heart is set on his. Love at first sight is quick on Romeo. After little than one day of knowing her, Romeo has ... ...n love at first sight, this story may have had a different ending.In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare clearly displays the tragic ending between Romeo and Juliet. The catastrophe is not because of t heir love for one another, but for the differences between the ways they loved each other. Romeo was too fast for Juliet, and Juliet was too exalted for Romeo. If Romeo had been an Erotic lover, or Juliet had been a Manic lover, this tragedy may have ended up differently. It may not have even been a tragedy at all. Despite all the struggles between differences and families, Romeo and Juliet still had a very passionate love for each other at the ending, although it did not turn out as they had first planned. Romeo and Juliet?s love for one another did not have a truly happy ending, because the love between Romeo and Juliet was star-crossed from the beginning.

Does Creatine Supplementation Really Enhance Athletic Performance? Essa

Does creatine Supplementation Really Enhance Athletic Performance? The Purpose of creatineIn our competitive society, being the best is of utmost importance. Athletic performance is no exception, and athletes are constantly striving to find new ways to draw a bead on which will help them to become the best. Many supplements promising results have come and gone, but creatine may actually be able to deliver improve athletic performance. Many athletes are currently supplementing their diets with creatine to increase their strength, muscle mass, and weight by providing their bodies with more available energy, thus reaching new high school in athletic performance. What is Creatine and how does it workImproving Energy Production Creatine is a nutrient that is found naturally in the diet as well as the human body. The primary dietary sources of creatine are raw beef and fish, as heating tends to destroy creatine . However, moderate increases in meat consumption are unlikely to increase muscle creatine levels because one must consume approximately 12 pounds of meat per day to compass the same creatine levels as supplementation. When dietary consumption is inadequate to meet the bodys creati.ne needs, it is manufactured in the liver and kidneys from a combination of the amino acids arginine, glycine and methionine. Creatine is present inside muscles, especially skeletal muscles. In the muscles, creatine. is used to form creatine phosphate (CP), a potent chemical which can indirectly yield the energy our muscles need to contract, especially for quick and explosive movements such as in sports. All work done in human cells (including contracting muscles) is supply by the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine... ...ation on ply output and fatigue during bicycle ergometry. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78(2), 670-673 Earnest, C.P., Snell, P.B., Rodriguez, ., Almada, A.L. Mitchell, T.L. (1995). The effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on anaero bic power indices, muscular strength and body composition. Acta Physiologica Scandiavica 153, 207-209. Febbraio, M.A., Flanagan, T.R., Snow, R.J., Zhao, S. F., Carey, M.F. (1995). Effect of creatine supplementation on intramuscular Tcr metabolism and performance during intermittent, supramaximal exercise in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandiavica, 155, 387-395. Harris, R.C., Soderlund, K. & Hultman, E. (1992). Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clinical Science 83, 367-374. Sahelian, R. (1997). Creatine Natures muscle builder. Lets Live, 65(3), 104

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - The Power of Money Essay

In the preface to Major Barbara, the capriolewright George Bernard Shaw observes that money is the most important thing in the world--it represents health, strength, honor, generosity and beauty, but, the poet continues, it also destroys battalion as certainly as it fortifies and dignifies others (Shaw 28). Shaw recognized that many people look toward money, the ultimate representation of materialism, in search of the power that enables them to live. But, money can play many parts in the drama of life. It can represent or give the illusion of wealth, prestige, nobility, and power. Those that seek to harness its powers must also strive to set aside its ability to destroy and corrupt. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, the repeated image of money, no matter in what form or by whom it is portrayed, is used to such an issue that it becomes central to the development of the story. The abstract idea of money can be expressed in many ways. Perhaps the most straightforward way i s through the acquisition of grand possessions. In the first chapter of the novel, Nick, the first-...

Essay examples --

The Not So Great MacbethIn Macbeth written by William Shakespeare the primary(prenominal) character Macbeth is a general in the Scottish army. After Macbeth and Banquo another general return from battle they encounter three witches the witches give Macbeth and Banquo three Prophesies. The witches advocate that Macbeth leave behind be made thane (a rank of Scottish nobility) of Cawdor and eventually King of Scotland. They also prophesy that Banquo will produce a line of Scottish kings although Banquo will never bewilder king himself. King Duncans men come to thank the two generals for their victories in battle and to tell Macbeth that he has been named thane of Cawdor. The previous thane betrayed Scotland by fighting for the Norwegians and Duncan has condemned him to death. Macbeths wife peeress Macbeth hears about king Duncan coming to their castle and trys to persuade Macbeth to murder king Duncan. He and Lady Macbeth plan to get Duncans two chamberlains drunk so they will black out the next morning they will blame the murder on the chamberlains, who will be defenseless, as they will remember nothing. While Duncan is asleep, Macbeth stabs him, despite his doubts and a number of supernatural visions, including a vision of a bloody dagger. Macbeth straightway becomes king and Fearful of the witches prophecy that Banquos heirs will seize the throne, Macbeth hires a group of murderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. They ambush Banquo on his way to a king same(p) feast, but they fail to kill Fleance, who escapes but kills Banquo. Lady Macbeth later kills herself while sleepwalking and Macbeth becomes depressed. Later Macduff comes with his army and beheads Macbeth. And Malcolm becomes king.In Shakespeares ... ...control his fate is when he goes to the witches and they enter him a line of kings who all resemble Banquo, suggesting that Banquos sons will indeed be kings. Thou art too like the spirit o f Banquo. Down Thy flower does sear mine eyeballs (pg. 386) So Macbeths sends murders to go kill Bonquo and his son Fleance But they only kill Bonquo and his son Fleance escapes which means that he could still possibly become king and that angered Macbeth so that showed that Macbeth wouldnt let anything mess up his fate and that he is trying to control every aspect of it and that he would go to vast lengths to control it.So all of those examples were of how Macbeth tried to seal his fate and just how far he would go to Control it but in the end like all things it came to an end and Macbeth really couldnt do much at that point to control his fate and was beheaded by Macduff.

Essay examples --

The Not So Great MacbethIn Macbeth written by William Shakespeare the main character Macbeth is a general in the Scotch army. After Macbeth and Banquo another general return from battle they encounter three witches the witches give Macbeth and Banquo three Prophesies. The witches prophesy that Macbeth give be made thane (a rank of Scottish nobility) of Cawdor and eventually King of Scotland. They also prophesy that Banquo will produce a line of Scottish kings although Banquo will never become king himself. King Duncans men come to thank the two generals for their victories in battle and to tell Macbeth that he has been named thane of Cawdor. The previous thane betrayed Scotland by fighting for the Norwegians and Duncan has condemned him to death. Macbeths wife chick Macbeth hears just about king Duncan coming to their castle and trys to persuade Macbeth to murder king Duncan. He and Lady Macbeth plan to get Duncans two chamber lains sot so they will black out the next morning they will blame the murder on the chamberlains, who will be defenseless, as they will call nothing. While Duncan is asleep, Macbeth stabs him, despite his doubts and a number of supernatural visions, including a vision of a bloody dagger. Macbeth now becomes king and Fearful of the witches prophecy that Banquos heirs will seize the throne, Macbeth hires a group of murderers to down Banquo and his son Fleance. They ambush Banquo on his way to a royal feast, but they fail to kill Fleance, who escapes but kills Banquo. Lady Macbeth later kills herself while sleepwalking and Macbeth becomes depressed. Later Macduff comes with his army and beheads Macbeth. And Malcolm becomes king.In Shakespeares ... ...control his fate is when he goes to the witches and they show him a line of kings who all resemble Banquo, suggesting that Banquos sons will indeed be kings. Thou art too like the spirit of Banquo. Down Thy crown does sear mine eyebal ls (pg. 386) So Macbeths sends murders to go kill Bonquo and his son Fleance But they only kill Bonquo and his son Fleance escapes which means that he could still possibly become king and that angered Macbeth so that showed that Macbeth wouldnt let anything toilet up his fate and that he is trying to control every aspect of it and that he would go to great lengths to control it.So all of those examples were of how Macbeth tried to tender his fate and just how far he would go to Control it but in the end like all things it came to an end and Macbeth really couldnt do much at that point to control his fate and was beheaded by Macduff.

Advantages and Cost of Adoption in Australia of International Financial Reporting Standards Essay

The issue of betrothal of international financial inform standards (IFRSS) in Australia has been controversial issue since the firstborn eon Australian Financial Reporting council (FRC) announced the insurance in 2002. Many believe that IFRSS sufferance will lead to great advantages such as enhance financial report comparability, improve quality of financial reporting, take in much foreign investor, and other signifi natest advantages. However, some overly believe that the adoption exclusively result in disadvantages and cost for Australian business, rateing profession and even Australian disposal.Before deciding to fully adopt IFRSS, in 1996, the AASB issued constitution Statement 6 International Harmonization Policy with objective to pursue the development of an internationally accepted set of story standards which can be fit in Australia. There were several considerations why government decided to do so 1. The existing arrangements for accounting standard setting ar e confusing, inefficient and non conductive to stakeholder participation 2. There is duplication mingled with the AASB and PSASB 3.Australian Accounting Standards are non unders excessivelyd in, and are out of step with, the major chief city markets in the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Europe, resulting in laid-backer costs of capital for Australian Business 4. The standards setting process is perceived to be dominated by the accounting profession and there is no real accountability to its users 5. Accounting standards do not reflect modern business practice, being too prescriptive and overly technical that imposing excessive costs on business 6.The process involved in standard setting have failed to attract broad input and the necessary level of financial support, with the result that accounting standards are not meeting the demands of constituents (CLERP 1997, pp. 11-12, cited from Pickeet. al, 2006). Despite those savvys, IFRSS adoption is promoted because several claimed take ins potentially arising from the policy especially for Australian Business. The most claimed benefit is attracting foreign investors due to lowering cost of capital.Cost of capital can be decreased because IFRSS adoption can diminish premiums associated with the risk of not fully understanding the financial report (Collet et. al, 2001, cited from Gerhardy, P. G. , n. d. ). Another hypothesis is that IFRSS adoption can reduce home bias that reprove investors from making cross border investment. One of factors contributing to home bias itself is the expensive cost of info about foreign investment (Kang and Stulsz, 1997 cited from Cofrig,V. M. , Defond, M. L. , & Hung, M. , 2007).By adopting IFRSS, it is hoped that information about foreign investment can be easily obtained and understood because it is generated from universal standards that are more familiar for investors. In addition, mellow accounting quality, foil and comparability are commonly associated with financial reporting produced based on IFRSS that is internationally recognized and represent worldwide best practices. Those attributes alleviate information asymmetries between managers and outside investors, thus increasing liquidity and ultimately lowering the required rate of return (Diamond and Verrecchia, 1991, cited from Daske, Holger, 2006).Association between higher accounting quality and IAS/IFRSS itself has been examined by Barth,M. E. , Landsman, W. R. , & Lang, Mark H. in 2008. They investigate firms from 21 countries that utilize IAS and found that those firms generally evidence less earnings management, more timely deviation recognition and more value relevance of accounting amounts. It has been suggested that IFRSS adoption benefits Australian business trough saving in reporting costs.This benefit especially applies for Australian Business that wants to hark their stocks in other countries stock exchanges. It is obligation for companies to fulfill specific di fferent requirement regarding financial reporting of each countries where the companies are listed. By adopting IFRSS, companies do not need to generate more than one set of financial reports to comply different requirement and regulation. It is also easier for multinational companies to consolidate their financial statement, thus it saves time and money.Beside easy consolidation, IFRSS adoption also simplifies appraisal process of companies to takeover or merger with overseas enterprises and improves management control due to increased comparability privileged management report between different segments or branches. For multinational companies, it will ease transfer of accounting staff across countries as well (Uddin, M. S. , 2005). Furthermore, a reduction in audit cost might be experienced by companies, because adoption of global standards (IFRSS) merely require global audit tandards, tools or systems that usually cheaper than specific products or services. This audit commoditi zation will close the expertise gap between the big five and force them to reduce audit fee. (Perera et. al, 2003,cited from Gerhardy, P. G. , n. d. ). For Australian government, fully adopting IFRSS is highly likely result in cost saving because the government does not need to spend money for AASB. It is evidence that Australian government spent huge amount of money for domestic accounting standards formulation.Another advantage is that the government can distance itself from any future corporate collapses, which bunk to raise questions about the role of accounting and the quality of accounting standards in such incidents (ibid). Take example of HIH collapse. Furthermore, it can avoid miscalculation of investors tax liability, especially tax related to income from overseas sources accepted by multinational companies (Uddin, M. S. , 2005) (global acceptance). Despite cost saving, IFRSS adoption might also increase overseas companies listing in the ASX (Haswell & McKinnon, 2003, cit ed from Gerhardy, P.G. , n. d. ).It also retains Australian companies listed on ASX. It is argument of Stoddart (1999, cited from McCombie, K. ,n. d. ) that ASXs rigorous support on full adoption of IFRS is due to ASXs ambition to become the main exchange in the Pacific Rim. Despite those enormous advantages, it has been argued that IFRSS adoption lead to noteworthy costs. The main argument is that IFRSs do not consider topical anaesthetic needs and priorities as every country has their own business environment, legal systems, cultures, language and political environment (Henderson and Peirson, 2000 cited from Malthus, S. 2004). However, to overcome this problem, IASB can accommodate flexible reporting standards that enable companies to choose alternatives that are more suitable for their external condition. It is opinion of some opponents of IFRS adoption that IAS is insufficiently detailed (Uddin,M. S. , 2005, p. 4) that require accountants and auditor professional judgment. Ho wever, overly detail might be contra productive and not flexible in anticipating every changes and differences. Education for stakeholders related to changes in financial statement is considered as significant as well.In a way, companies have obligation to ensure these users understand the changes. Companies also need to provide education and formulation for staff to adapt changes from preparing account using national standards to international standards. Since changes not only affect external reporting system, but also internal reporting such as budgeting system, this training might require huge amount of money. Often, companies need external experts in anticipating the changes such as actuaries and valuation experts that also need a lot of spending.However, this diversity cost is only initial investment that is short term the cost will be diminishing once companies have already been stable with the new-made systems. Learning from UK, based on a survey conducted by Pricewaterhou seCoopers, majority companies in the UK suggested that transition from local accounting standards to international standards would not require high costs (Malthus, S. , 2004). Coming to the accounting profession, it has been argued that IFRS adoption also bear costs due to the policy. Those costs might come from the need to re educate members of the accounting profession itself.However, this argument is questionable because as a profession, accountants should improve their capabilities by ongoing training and education no matter what. Negative impacts of adoption of IFRS on rule makers such as Federal government and AASB have been publics concern as well. Regarding federal government, it is argued that support devoted by federal government for IFRS adoption (Brown and Tarca, 2005) might put government under political pressure not to impose rules on Australian companies that are inconsistent with those applied to companies in other countries.In term of AASB, adoption of IFRSs raised questions about the role of the body. By adopting IFRS that replace local standards, AASB might lose its status and role. This loss arguably hurt nations sovereignty because Australia somehow is one of the worlds leading authorities on accounting (Haswell and McKinnon, 2003 cited from Gerhardy, P. G. , n. d. , p. 24). AASB might also have limited influence on the standards formulation process under IASB, thus Australias interest and pertinent environment might not be covered by international standards.However, this costs can be diminished as suggested by Carrol (2003d, cited from Gerhardy, P. G. , n. d. , p. 75) that if Australia is to ensure that future standards developed by the IASB are relevant to the Australian environment it is necessary that Australia is positioned as an influential leader in the international business environment. Having considered both advantages and costs, I would argue that benefit arising from IFRS adoption will be in the coherenter term worth the eff ort. The main reason for that is huge economic benefit arises from the IFRS adoption.On the surface, economic benefit is merely enjoyed by multinational companies and investors. However, it will trigger Australian economy development because multinational companies represent greater percentage of Australian economy sources that absorb high number of employment. Small medium companies (SME) that is argued might become parties bearing most cost will benefit from multinational companies as a business partners such as supplier, particularly if Australia promote specific regulation to encourage the mutual partnership.This will be domino effect that boost another sectors, thus benefit whole community. In addition, education cost that is claimed as significant cost only borne for short term and will be diminished in the long term. Education and training itself is inseparable part of accounting as a profession that need ongoing training to enhance capability and professionalism. The last re ason is that IFRS adoption might be inevitable due to globalization that diminish border across nations and increase interdependency between nations.

History of Special Education Essay

Special education has changed in many different itinerarys throughout the last century. The views of they way students with differences should be taught and treated stimulate changed as concourse have become more open minded. The education laws have also seen a turn about. One major area of education was in a desperate need of changed opinions and beliefs. Education for nipperren with attainment problems has emerged from no education to special funding and programs especially for those individuals with learning problems.The first phase of special education is the largest deny of time. The Foundation Phase was from 1800 to1930, children who had any sign of learning problems were tagged as dumb, retarded, and even brain hurt. The reason students would have been labeled as brain injured is because of studies done on war victims and soldiers of war. Many soldiers had head injuries and the way they acted related very similarly to the way brain injured students acted.At this time p ercentage point researchers and doctors located the area of the brain related to language, or the language function of the brain. The Transition Phase began in 1930 and lasted until 1960. This phase had some turning points in the way brain injured children were taught.Researchers developed instruments for assessment, analyzed specific Atwell 2 types of learning problems and also presented a plan for teaching brain injured children. At this spirit level the labeling of the children with learning problems was not as harsh as brain injured. The students were called children with tokenish brain dysfunction. The turning phase for the education of students with learning problems was the integrating Phase, 1960 to 1980. There was a man by the name of Samuel Kirk, who came up with the name learning disabled.After this term took the place of brain injured and minimalbrain dysfunction, it seemed like in that location was hope for children with learning problems. Schools started establishi ng programs for the learning disabled. Funding was provided for teachers to be trained in learning disabilities. The most important objet dart of the Integration Phase is the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) in 1975. This act was to ensure that all students no matter what type of problem would happen a free and appropriate public education. The last phase is the Current Phase, from 1980 to the present. One of the major aspects of this phase is inclusion.Inclusion is educating students with disabilities in regular classrooms in their contiguity schools, with collaborative support services as needed. Another aspect of the Current Phase is when the EMA of 1975 was rewritten as IDEA in 1990. IDEA, Individuals Atwell 3 with Disabilities Education Act, made it unverbalized to susp windup or expel students with learning disabilities because of their behavior. IDEA also required that each learning disabled child have an IEP, Individualized Education Program.An IEP is a document that must include current performance of the student, the annual goals the studenneeds to achieve, special education and related services the child needs, participation, if any, with nondisabled children, modifications needed to take land tests, dates and places of when and where special services will be provided and the measuring progress of the child. Before a student can have an IEP, they first must be labeled as a student with a learning disability. There are stages to figure out whether or not a child has a learning disability. The first stage is noticing if a student is having difficulty in one or more subject areas.The next step is to evaluate the childssuspected disability area, but before this can take place, the school must receive permission from the parents to evaluate their child. Then the eligibility is decided by a group of qualified professionals along with the parents to determine if the child has a disability defined by IDEA. If found eligible, the IEP team must meet and write an IEP for the child within 30 days of the student being identified as disabled. The IEP team meeting is held and the IEP is written. Atwell 4 Services are then provided for the student. At the end of the year, progress is measured and IEP is reviewed.After this process takes place, every three years after that, the student is reevaluated. By law certain individuals must be gnarled in the writing of a childs Individualized Education Program. Parents must be involved because they know their child and what their child may need. unbendable education teachers, if the student will be placed in regular classrooms some time during the day, are a need on the team, because they know the global curriculum. They also have knowledge of how to handle behavior problems. The next member of an IEP team should be a special education teacher.Thisperson will be able to contribute their knowledge in how to modify general curriculum and testing to help the special needs c hild learn and show what they have learned. The special education teacher also has the responsibility to teach the student and carry out the IEP. The individuals involved in the IEP team are individuals who can rede evaluation results, represent the school system, individuals with knowledge or special expertise about the child, representatives from transition service agencies and the student who the IEP is being written for.Atwell 5 Education has gone through many stages of the way achild should be taught. The law has made a path for those with learning problems and now there is no stopping them. Children with learning disabilities finally have a chance to excel in school and gives them the opportunity to have a normal life. Atwell 6 Works Cited A Guide to the Individualized Education Program. U. S. Department of Education. 20 Feb. 2001. . Lerner, Janet W. Learning Disabilities Theories, Diagnosis, andTeaching Strategies. 8th ed. Boston Ally & Bacon Publishers, 2000. Levine, Daniel U. , Allan C. Ornstein. Foundations of Education. 6th ed. New York Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997.

Marketing Strategy Analysis: Dove Milk Chocolate Essay

Target MarketGeography New island of Jersey is a highly be atomic number 18a located on the east coast of the United States of America with an array of different cultures (Mars Nutrition Incorporation, 2012) Rationale The high population of New Jersey would provide a really large source of consumers regardless of the cultures AgeGender Both men and women.Rationale At the very young ages, two genders consume hot cocoa and different confectionery at the corresponding rates. However, with increase in age, chocolate becomes very common with women (Bailey,2012). Income the segmentation of income may be alone ho giveholds with a yearly income exceeding one dollar.Ethnicity They target all ethnicities.Rationale Beca design all ethnicities put one over disposable incomes, thus they would all provide a very kick upstairsable target market. Specification on the basis of ethnicity would lock out potential consumers and deny the comp each the much contained revenue.Family Life Cycle hook up with couples, Adult SinglesRationale Unmarried individuals have adequate disposable incomes because they do not have m all responsibilities. Separated individuals in some cases have children, thus these children would prompt their pargonnts to purchase the crossings for them. Marriages usually result in the presence of children who would solicit their parents to purchase the convergences for them. Personality traits this sector fundamentally comprises of emulators for instance fun lovable people. These are the people who delight in enjoying life and believe in travelling and adventure. Lifestyle characteristics in terms of lifestyle, it might be targeted at those who favor purchasing devisal growths. They are as well forgeting to experiment with substitute products in place of food items that are conventional, as the world of chocolate is transforming from occasion led to more casual utilization.Usage Rate the market might be more segmented on consumption instead of office whatever place, time snack. This is a faction of users that find conventional snacks to be heavy. Although an array of chocolates might be offered, a core brand may be initiated in the count line sector. habituated that this sector is tipped to be the development engine of the industry and this sector encompasses a significant market share. crop classification genus Columba take out chocolate can be classified as a convenience good, which customers never plan to buy in advance. The consumer buys the candy bars when the need comes or when the consumer visits a place where the candy bar is change. With convenience products, consumers are not leave behinding to spend much time window-shopping for the products to comparability prices, since the consumer knows the brands that are wanted. More so, the candy bars are not expensive, and consumers only pick the candy bars at their nearest shops since the candy bars are available in most retail centers, including large supermar kets such as Wal-Mart. In addition, dove milk candy is a product that consumers buy regularly, and the consumer knows specifically where to get the candy bar according to their tastes and preferences. Moreover, the candy bars are bought in small quantities and do not require much effort in buying. Many customers only buy the candy bars when it is necessary, to give to friends or eat when the consumer feels the urge, qualifying dove milk chocolate as a convenience product (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2011).Brandinga) Dove milk product uses a family branding strategy, where all its products are marketed through the word Dove, and all have the same brand name. The products are closely related, differing in terms of flavor, and little content, but all have the same utility. The products range from dark chocolate, miniature, among others with different flavors. All of them transmit the same name on their products. The name is write on a coherent clearer part of the package for all of them. b). The brand name of the product is Dove, which is written clearly in bolder letters, on a reflective root word of the packaging to make the name more visible. Each cover color of the dove milk chocolate depends on the flavor.For darker chocolate, the color is darker, but the similar in terms of the lay out of the paint. In all of the chocolate brands, there is a curve line across the package in a differentcolor, mostly be milk content. However, there is a dark chocolate color defining all of them. In addition, the flavor of the chocolate inside such as silky smooth milk chocolate is inscribed at the right collapse bottom corner. c). The level of brand loyalty is high for this product, and its users are used to buying from the same brand. Considering this is a convenience good, consumers prefer buying from one producer, whom the consumer trusts, or depending on the consumers preference (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2011). This builds up exceptional customer loyalty since many get o ut only prefer the Dove chocolate to other brands. OK.Packaginga) Packaging has been used in several ways for Dove milk chocolate considering it is a consumable food product, needing protection to remain rubber eraser for human consumption, as well as convenience. Some people may not have money to buy in large quantities, and prefer littler quantities (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2011). 1) The product is meant for human consumption and requires protection from harmful substances that might contaminate it. Therefore, the packaging provides for this by using a plastic, paper package for smaller quantities, while bigger quantities that might not be consumed at once are packaged in cartons and smaller foil or plastic paper packages for protection. The packages are well designed to let no substance inside, and can be easily opened and closable except for smaller packages that are consumed once. The Product base hit Act of a consumer necessitates that all packages enveloping products intend ed for human utilization or use be composed of materials believed safe for handling and produced in creature comforts that encompass no cross-contamination matters with other commodities.These rules are set to guarantee that consumers do not turn out to be infected with food-borne diseases or other illnesses exclusively from handling packaging of a product. (Lister, 1999-2012) (Also, include the different size and types of packages. These should be listed clearly. In other delivery, 6 oz., 10oz, and 14 oz. Bars and 50 count and ampere-second count bags of individually wrapped bars. Then for the bars and individually wrapped units, describe the package.)2) The packaging has been well designed to promote the product. The product lists the ingredients used, flavors and uses positional haggling such as miniature, silk, and smooth to attract customers. More so, its color is differentiated from other competitors.3) The packaging has also beendesigned to enhance storage since most of them are in rectangular shapes that are easily packed into bulk containers for shipment and wholesale. In addition, the package comes in different sizes, with different prices to serve convenience curiously when one does not require purchasing larger amounts. The chocolate bar is also packaged in ounces for convenience. The packages are easily opened for customers convenience. Resalable for reuse? Is there a date to use the product by?4) In terms of facilitating recycling and reducing environmental damage, some of the packages are do up of biodegradable material, while some, especially the smaller packages, are in plastic papers. However, packaging the bigger products degradable material reduces the amount of non-biodegradable material they release into the environment. OK. b) The product uses both types of labeling, persuasive and informational. On the packages, the labeling is quite persuasive with positional statements that are also informative of what the product contains, in terms of nutritional content. The product uses words such as smooth and silk to explain the taste of the product for persuasion. Xxx.Product Life CycleAll products go through a life round of drinks since the time they are introduced into the market, to growth, maturity, and finally decline. However, this is dependent on the product category. For the product category, which is convenience, their maturity stage seem to last for long considering people exit conserve to buy the product when they need it. In this case, the product is in the maturity stage, where sales are increasing slowly. At this stage, the company can use the strategy of differentiating its products, which it has done. Currently, dove milk chocolates comes in different flavors, with more and more differentiation taking place to fight off competition, which is high at this stage. However, declining for this category of product is hard since it is a product that people buy regularly for human consumption, and they wi ll still need it another day when the urge comes back. The product is sold internationally, but mostly in America, where it has reached maturity due to this differentiation of the product, and bearing in mind how long it has been in subsistence.Mode of Product Advertisement give that Dove Milk Chocolate is a product widely known but is losing its appeal in the market, the best mode of advertising is ultimately product advertisement. The reason of using this mode of advertising is that institutional advertisement will not have the desired effect for this product. Most people acknowledge the instauration of Dove Milk Chocolate, but they do not comprehend the advantages of using the new product leading to the need of sensitizing the larger population most it. According to the previous discussed reasons, pioneering advertisement is the best option for the reintroduction of a product that is losing touch with the consumers. The intention of this form of advertisement is giving consume rs comprehensive information regarding the nutritional advantages associated with the product (Jugenheimer, 2010). Once consumers understand a product they are most apt(predicate) to buy such products.Advertisement Appeal UsedAccording to studies (Jugenheimer, 2010), any advertisement has to give the consumer reasons as to why they should buy a given product. That is, answering the questions such as what additional value they are to reap from the usage of Dove Milk Chocolate. Accordingly, in order to acquire competitive advantage, there is a need of combining a number of appeals. Since it is a product in its reintroduction stage, it needs to make sure that customers obtain the best for a subsidized price. In addition, an endorsement from influential people is also extremely valuable in such advertisements. Fun and pleasure is also beneficial in the promotion of the product of consideration. Explaining the pleasures that come with the usage of the product is significant at appealing consumers to use the trade good. However, influential people provide the best appeal. This is because many people adore their idols and believe that they invariably make the best decisions.Form of mediaIt is not advisable to use one form of media. This is because although a given media might have certain advantages, it may overleap values present in another. Accordingly, in the promotion of Dove Milk Chocolate bars, it is essential to use a number of relevant media. For the purpose of achieving geographical flexibility, newspapers are the best option. However, to reach out to the desired demographics magazines will apply. Internet andtelevision find application at ensuring a narrow target audience and visibility respectively. The internet is fast growing and though it does lack demographic or geographic specification, it is one of the best modes of ensuring low cost fast advertisements. Furthermore, Mars Company already has a website making it easier to promote the commodity on the internet. On the other hand, television ensures that the product becomes visible.Public Relation FunctionsTo achieve product prosperity, there is a need for application of more state-supported relations. Product publicity and lobbying are the best option for a new product. Product publicity ensures that there is a valid word going around and that the product gains favor in the public domain. This is because there are organizations campaigning against the consumption of chocolate. On the other hand, lobbying ensures that the government does not pass strict laws that will hamper prosperity of the product. In this regard, there should be a lobbyist mandated to the task of ensuring that chocolate bars are in excellent terms with the government and indemnity makers. Furthermore, publicity will play a vital role at ensuring that many people understand the advantages of using this product, as opposed to the many bare demerits.Public Relations ToolsAs previously indicated, this produ ct has been experiencing difficulties over the years meaning that many people do not favor its usage. To bridge the open of this misconception about(predicate) the product, there is a need for the application of both new product publicity and product placement by the marketers. Application of new-product publicity will be instrumental in explaining to consumers the nutritional benefits of using chocolate bars. Furthermore, placement of products in movies and in other advertisement will boost consumer awareness about its benefits (Jugenheimer, 2010). Movies are especially a larger tool of promoting awareness of a given product. Movies are more likely to find more usage in comparison to advertisements. This is because there are an extraordinarily high number of people watching movies and television programs.Sales Promotion ToolsManagers objective will be acquiring new customers from already existing entrants. In order to accomplish this, there is a need of explaining product superio rity in comparison to those offered by competitors. In addition, there is a need of ensuring that prices do not matter by offering a value added product to consumers at a considerable price. That is, having chocolate bars with nutritional value as opposed to those that are a hazard to consumers health. Having a bonus pack is extremely vital at this level in order to persuade consumers that switch brands to be loyal to this product. Bonus packs should vary to attract various customers. This means that there is a need for different discount packs to cater for loyal customers, competitor consumers, and price buyers.Personal SellingThe concept of personal selling revolves around personal communication in trying to convince each other to purchase a given product. In its distribution channel, there will be effective personal communication, which will ensure that there is a conviction on the part of the consumer as to the reason of using Dove Milk Chocolate bars. Furthermore, ensuring that the company responds properly to any orders placed for the commodity will ensure an effective personal selling to the advantage of the product. Orders always act as a form of communication amid the buyer and the product.Price StrategyPricing ObjectivesAny product has to make a profit for its institution (Engelson, 2010). Maximization of profits is a paramount objective of pricing in many if not all corporations. Accordingly, the pricing of this chocolate bars will revolve around making profit. The purpose of this is ensuring that it does balance consumer-investor satisfaction. Given that the commodity has considerable competition, high prices are not the way to go. Accordingly, there is a need of ensuring lower production cost and increasing its sales to increase profits (Ferrell, 2010).Other Price DeterminantsIn its re-introductory stage, there is the urge to elevate the price but due to the competition evident, this is not an option. After this stage, theprices will be on the d ecrease, and this will be due to increase in the number of players selling an alternative to this product (Ferrell, 2010). Given the fact that more competitors are likely to spur an increase in the supply there will be a decrease in prices. Accordingly, the major determinant of the pricing will be competition in the market. However, added value will ensure that there is differentiation of the product (Smith, 2011). Achieving this will ensure that consumers disregard the price factor and negative publicity. cut PoliciesThere are a number of discounts in application for the commodity. To promote the loyalty of consumers, there will be cumulative quantity discounts awarded. That is, buying in bulk ensures that the customers pay lesser. However, there is also a need of compensating retailers and wholesalers for their services accorded to a given product (Smith, 2011). There is an application of functional discounts on theStrategyproduct. Finally, seasons always experience increased spen ding by consumers (Engelson, 2010). Accordingly, offering seasonal discounts ensures that consumers remain loyal to Dove Milk Chocolate and price buyers choose the product.ReferencesBo wersox, D, J., Closs D.J., & Cooper, M, B. (2007). Supply orbit logistics management. New York McGraw Hill Publishing. Christopher, M. (2005). Logistics and supply chain management (3rd ed.). Essex FT Prentice Hall Publishing. Engelson, M. (2010). Pricing strategy an interdisciplinary approach. Portland Joint Management Strategy. Ferrell, O. C. (2010). Marketing Strategy. Stamford Cengage Learning. Jugenheimer, D. W. (2010). announce and Public Relations Research. New York M.E. Sharpe. Lamb, C. W., Hair, Jr., J. F., & McDaniel, C. (2012). Marketing 5. Mason, OH South-Western, Cengage Learning. Lister, J. (1999-2012). Product Packaging Regulations. Retrieved from www.ehow.com http//www.ehow.com/list_6774882_product-packaging-regulations.html Smith, T. J. (2011). Pricing Strategy Setting Price Levels, Managing Price Discounts, & Establishing Price Structures. Stamford Cengage Learning.

Proposed a water theme park with a five star resort

The proposal of water theme water with a five star use built on L go throughdwyn Island, AngleseyLocationThe water theme park will be located in Llanddwyn Island, Anglesey. Llanddwyn Island is a small tidal island off the western coast of Anglesey, North Wales. It provides excellent views of Snowdonia and the liyn Peninsula. Access to this island will be by boat or drive through A55 to Anglesey.The Golden Bench HotelThis is going to be located around the coast next to the nice sandy white bench. Its going to coun decenniumance 3000 paths. It has a lot that people shadow do here and the staff are extremely friendly. Some body process we offer in the hotel* tennis count,* spa* sonar* basketball count* bench party* clubs for the children , teenagers so the parents commode relax on the bench* Fitness class* Massage* Gold course* Satellite TV* Beauty Salon* bar* coffee berry shop* broadband internet* shuttle busThe Speedo water theme parkThis is going to be the biggest water them e park in Europe. With an electron orbit of more than 2000 thousand square meters. The park is divided into 5 separate zones with a different theme which not just only the kids will know it, the elders will as well as the adults. These include Slide and splash, Aqua land, 7 seas, the big plunge and the Infant Island this is where the kids zone is in the water park. Its ancestor on the theme of praties. This is where the shallow consortium will be set and thither is a family pool where the parents can spend some quality times with their children. Also there is a kids pool which is especially design for the safety of children under 11. It has many mini water rides that the children will enjoy while the parents can sit back and relax.The extreme part of the water park has to be the big plunge this is where all the massive rides are located including the Tornado which there is only four in the world. This is the ride that has taken the world by storm and this will be Europes first tornado. Riders ride on specially designed four clover leaf tubes that can carry up to four riders. Riders take the plunge into a large fiberglass cone that gives them the go out of cosmos sucked into a tornado. There are more water rides offer to children and parents in this part of the park.If thats a bit overexciting, why not go to Aqua land zone. This part is more for people that want to relax and calm. Like the lazy river they have offer in this zone, this is the foresightfulest lazy river in the world. Its a 1.1kilometer long continuous river in which water moves slowly and continuously. Guests can lie back and relax in the specially designed rubber ring as they go elaborate on around the river. To add extra excitement to the lazy river, we have a special action river section, which produces one-meter waves. Also we have a huge driftming pool for the people that want to swim and relax. Next to the pool there is a cozy bar where people can have a drink and have convection with their friends.If thats a bit boring for the teens, why not go to the slide and splash zones. This is where all the rides are situated which guests experience the master blaster. It is a prodigal moving roller coaster. It takes guests for an incredible ride in a double tubes racing up and down hills for more than 300 meters. Also guests can experience the wizard this is a fast and furious ride which young people will enjoy. Eight riders will begin the race at the nip of the 20 meters towers.After completing a full circle with high speed, all eight riders will then enter the straight section and race down to the bottom. If that doesnt sound scary enough, why not try the inner tube rides. There are three open waterslides running for 100 meters. Guests start from the top of the fifteen meters hill and rapidly fall through twists and turns to the slash down pool below. They are ride in groups of two on the special designed double rubber ring.7seas zone is where all the pool is pl aced wave pool is one of them. This is going to be the world biggest wave pool which is a wave pool and can also be a pool for boogie boarding. There is ten minutes when the waves are on where guests whitethorn swim in the pool or use a tube to surf on the waves. Then there is a relaxation period for the next ten minutes when the waves are off, allowing for calm water swimming to swim. Also the rain fortress is situated in this part of the park. It has various water rides and water activity which it can give endless of fun for all ages. Tipping buckets, water cannons, slides and secret ladders are some of the special features of the Rain Fortress.The poop view shopping concenterThis is going to be build next to the hotel where the guests can just walk through the cover way to enter the shopping complex. There is going to be over 1000 shops in the shopping centre where all the brand names are placed like Chanel, LV, Guggi, Hugo Boss. Also there is a diet count which various kinds o f food are been sell.ActivityWe have a lot to offer to the guest in Kwans resort. Some activity that people may enjoy* Special romantic dinner on the bench* Party every night on the bench for the teenagers* Activity groups where younger people can have opportunity to do water sport. Also they can have a chance of making new friends.* Also our hotel have Spa, massage and some other activity that guest may enjoy* There are a casino for people that like to glebe* Shopping till you fall on the grace* We have a 15000 seated stadium for live entrainments live a concert or even a football or rugby get evenOpen hoursWater park- mon-sats 9am till 7pm-sun 11am till 7pmShopping centre -mon- sun 10am-9pmCasino-open all timesPricesHotel- standard room 600Double room 900Luxury room 1500Water park entrances child 100Adult- 200ConclusionOver all I think this is a good project and its going to lay down new jobs for people. Not just creating work for people, this is going to raise the tourist at traction because all round Europe people will want to get down and take a break after their effect that they put in their jobs.

A Comparison of the Codes of Ethics

The Alabama pedagog Code of Ethics and the University of North Alabamas Code of Ethics Professional Dispositions both concentre on many of the same core values. There are nine standards in the Alabama Educator COE and seven dispositions in UNAs COE. Standard 1 and Disposition 1 both advocate having a commitment to professional standards. While UNAs COE simply evidences that an pedagog should have a commitment to professionalism and good standards and leaves the interpretation of this up to the educator, the Alabama Educator COE goes more in depth.Standard 2 cerebratees on trustworthiness, and Standard 3 centralizes on unlawful acts. Standard 5 states that an educator should refrain from the use of alcohol and tobacco products and never use illegal drugs. Standard 4 and Disposition 5 both address respecting the differences of students. They both state that an educator should not discriminate by race, gender, religion, or disability. Both also encourage educators to provide chal lenging, equitable learning opportunities for all students. Both the Alabama Educator COE and UNAs COE promote collaboration, but the UNAs COE is more comprehensive in its description.Both Disposition 6 and Disposition 7 address collaboration Disposition 6 focuses on working with family and community members, and Disposition 7 focuses on working with other educators. The Alabama Educator COE only mentions collaboration in standard one. atomic number 53 big variation between the two codes is that UNAs COE does not address any obligations to your contract, while the Alabama Educator COE uses the entire Standard 9 to focus on it. Another key difference is that the Alabama Educator COE discusses confidentiality thoroughly in Standard 8, but UNAs COE does not mention it.The ethical consume discussed in Standard 6 (Public Funds and Property) and Standard 7 (Remunerative Conduct) does not show up in UNAs COE either. UNAs COE uses Disposition 3 to concentrate on using technology and resea rch in the classroom, but the Alabama Educator COE does not discuss technology. The two sets of ethical behavior share many of the same principles, but are laid out in different ways. If an educator applies both COEs to his or her practice, then they will definitely be successful.

Cold Blooded Murderer

Last night I awoke to the thunderous sound of helicopter blades, drumming themselves into my head. Everything around me shook violently, I could feel the wind hitting against my facial gesture as the leaves from close trees swirled around me. Particles of sand went flying into my watery eyes. The door gunner looked down at me, waving me into the aircraft, probably wondering what was taking me so long. He reached out his hand to help me in.When I opened my eyes, it was my wife that had my hand. There we lay in the darkness, under our warm duck-feathered quilt, her arms around me prehension me tightly. She was whispering something in my ear. I struggled to hear what it was as everything sounded fuzzy. I managed to catch a couple of words and came to the conclusion it was something about how much she loved me and that things ar going to be okay. I rolled over and looked at her. The room was dark, but a hint of moonlight had seeped through the small opening betwixt the curtains, and had cast a slight glow on her face. I could see her eyes twinkling and staring back. Those love filled eyes said it all.She didnt fuck exactly what was wrong, only that my enemies had come back to steal me from her. They didnt come often, she knew, but that Id go off to war again. She knows that I always return, and that comforts her. However, the fear and imagination that I wont come back is always at the back of her mind. Sometimes I wish she could see them, my enemies. That might help her understand why bemuse to fight them, but I know it is best that she cant. For, this burden is best kept to myself, as even I thoroughgoing(a)ly have the strength to bare it.When my enemies come for me, I see them just as they were when they came the first time, before they died at my transfer. Young, brave men, full of curse and furious. They looked shabby from combat and death. I could sedate see the net in their eyes. They would grind their teeth and growl as they raced to find me, as their twisted minds were bent on my death. As they searched through the ice-cold frosty night I could hear their cries echo over the loud bangs of small fire arms, and of tank guns as they blasted away at nearby hilltop. Through the dense fog I could just about see them, waiting, their uniforms covered in the blood of my companions. They watch. They wait. They dont know I can see them.I dont have to see them. I hear them speaking to one another in their language which sounds like gibberish to me. I can smell their cigarettes and low-bud assume cologne. I can almost taste their foul body odour as I breathe. Most of all, I can feel them around me, and their hatred for me piercing through me like a thousand knives.One by one, I follow them and slay them, taking them quickly and quietly. Every time I run my blade through them, I stare into their cold, bloodshot eyes and watch the life drain from their bodies. I wonder if Ill ever be in the place they are. Then I move on to the next.I even cut the throat of one man in front of a charr and her child. I hadnt realized it at first, they were there, watching, as I killed him. As he fell to the ground, I looked at the boy. He must have been around tailfin or six, but he understood the concept of war. I could see it in his uncaring stare. It wasnt his father, I could tell, not that it would have made a discrimination to me, as I had turned into a cold blooded murderer. The boy just stared at me as I backed away, holding my finger to my lips to musical accompaniment him quiet. His mother just reached down and put her hand over his mouth, and watched as I crept away.As always, Ill get on to that awaiting helicopter, the only survivor of an accomplished mission, successful once again. Even though the battlefield below goes out of sight, I know Ill be back. I always come back here. I cant get away from this God-forsaken place. No matter how far I run, no matter how hard I try to hide, they will always come for me. Unt il someday I go to a place where I cant bring them with me.How could I tell her this? I could barely live with this burden in my life. Every helicopter, bang of fire arms, drop of blood reminded me of my inhumane doings. So I lay beside her looked into her eyes and told her I loved her, blanking out the reality of my life. I wished that I could stop the hands of time and forever lay beside her, in my arms and never face reality again.

Kingfisher Beer Company Case Analysis Essay

Kingfisher Beer Company (KBC) has enjoyed beingness in top position in premium beer segment for the past fifty years and is at a time facing a potentially identitychanging challenge the traditional premium beer mart has been declining collect up to(p) to changes in consumer preferences at a compound annual rate of 4% and KBC for the first time is experiencing a decline in revenue, whilst a change in leadership infuses new energy to bring a change in their product line.Jake Hope, son of the retired president and owner of KBC faces the challenge of whether to introduce a calorie-free beer in a growing beer segment, as maintaining status-quo would no more(prenominal) be an option to sustain their existent position in marketplace in the next few years (see Exhibit 2). I press that Jake would go for the informal beer product venture. The tribute is based on a complex assessment of the partnerships financial viability and of more qualitative reflections.Even if for the year 2007 ( the case is restrictive for only a 2-year horizon quantitative analysis) projected Operating Margin does not reach levels KBC had enjoyed in prior years, it is exacting and growing substantially. Growth from $599,734 to $2,205,235 ($1,605,601 in absolute growth) from 2006 to 2007 with adit of Light Beer versus of decline from $4,015,024 to $3,414,586 ($600,438 in absolute decline).If KBC volition manage to reduce its lost sales of famous lager (due to market conditions in the premium beer market) from 20% to slightly lower levels then the company could bang up-even in 2 years (Exhibit 1). From the cases hold in data it is still certain that introducing Light Beer and managing relatively moderate levels of cannibalization (20% or below Exhibit 3) of the Lager sales opens opportunities to increase the wholes financials. Moreover, it is essential to capitalize on growing light beer market (4% annually) which also will help fuel possible future expansion or to retain sustainabil ity.harmonize to market research, targeted segment where light beer drinking segment holds anti-big-business values, is already aware of the KBC brand so the firm can leverage on being independent family owned small regional company. In addition, the introduction of a new product will eliminate the risk of being on a undivided product brand and reduce risk of being in an unfavorable position with regards to distributors who favor more product offerings. On the other hand the introduction of the light beer will affect the brand image, abandon core customers, and squeeze margins.In addition, it is most likely the Company will not be able to sustain advertising and distribution cost against bigger competitors (high entry barrier, competitors strong presence in light beer market). This will lead also to additional unwanted cannibalization of Lager sales and more uneven relationships with distributors and retailers. My recommendation rests on several assumptions (exhibit). The key assu mption is that the KBC will attain the 0. 25 market share to break even in 2007. Another assumption is that the light beer market will sustain its growth and consumer preferences will hold in the nearest future.

ICT Specification for a spreadsheet for the Hairdressing business

The specification points be very useful because they be like a shopping list and help us to make sure we follow a list of requirements that are important in order for us to ensure that the system that we go forth create volition be able to do certain things in the list below. To book a list of specification points so that when it comes to planning and creating the spreadsheet it will be much easier for us. The list below is extra support and a implemental list to guiding me when I create the spreadsheet for the Hairdressing business.1. Allows creating a booking system for pattern an favorable way to organise any the clients in a useful way for example in alphabetical order.The booking system is able to store and organise the clients details in alphabetical order this potbelly be done by left clicking ascending order.1. The system should be allowed to create queries such as multiple criteria or simple search criteria search. To help find for only certain clients that I in vite to find for example if I there is a discount on womens haircuts so therefore(prenominal) I will need to identify only females in the system.Queries can be make on the system for example multiple or simple searches. This will help to identify the people that are only needed to find.1. I will drive home a validation rule to minimise errors in the database. E.g. presence check or a formula checks in the system.Validation rules have been entered to reduce the total of errors occurring in the database system In order to keep the records correct and up to date.1. The system must be able to have a print button and save the work readily and easily I will have a print or save button.The system I have created will have a print button on it.1. I should be able to edit for example to delete old clients and store details and keep record of the data and keep record up to data and recent.Records on the table are able to be stored deleted and kept up to date on the recent data.1. Include a add-in pageboy for the system to make it easy to navigate from page to page and this should help get us easily from page top page.My system has a menu page in order to help to ease the use of navigation1. Include a chief(a) learn to give clients in the system a unique number so it will be easy to find him or her with reference to that specific unique number that is supplied to them in the system.The primary key has been put on the booking ID field because this is recognised to be the key field.1. To have a patronize up strategy in case the system is hacked into or is lost or damaged so the back up program is a USB or a CD containing the program/system on it and their details.The information has been stored on my USB and that there is anti-virus is stored to prevent any data or memory loss.1. To have tables and then link the tables together by relationships and this should make it easier for the user to navigate from page to page quickly.Relationships have been committed to bo th the tables the Customer details table and the Appointment booking table.1. I will create a form that will make it another way of presenting the information to the user or the receptionist.Forms will be created to help make the reading of the details and the information easier for the person using it.The testing that we had previously carried expose helped to improve my system and the evaluation has helped to make sure that all the criteria of the specification points have been met. The specification points have helped me to carry reveal the task as a whole more efficiently and to make sure it has appeared on my database the way I have wanted it to turn out. Testing made sure that all the specification points were all able to be fulfilled and achieved but at the same time true-to-life(prenominal) in order for me to carry them out efficiently.The new database system can now carry out some new and amazing functions it can now make the spreadsheet function well. For the database I have made macros/ navigation buttons to help make moving from one table to another much more simpler and easier. The Database will help me to store my information and store the data precisely in ascending order.There have not been many problems that have occurred from the database that I have created because the database thats been created has hardly and errors and is functioning well it seems to be making good progress. The database has been made with the purpose to help to make sure that the new Hair beauty parlor will be able to function properly. The two tables that I have created will help me to quickly find out which appointments have been appointed for which person and which person and the customer details have been screen to keep them safe and in a more reliable way. This also makes it easier to view the information for each(prenominal) customer.

The Process of Changing a Newborns Diaper

You should non take lightly the ever-changing of a diaper. For it to be done correctly, you need to take the snip and do the proper steps. If not done so, your spoil could end up with a diaper rash and more seriously, an infection. A clean diapered bumble is a happy baby. To start, you need to know the weight of the newborn. With this, you bequeath be able to find which size diapers go out be appropriate. Not all newborns wear newborn diapers. You will also need to decide on which blemish diaper you will want to use. There are several brand names to choose.The name brands are excellent because they absorb more and children are less likely to model rashes. Priced less and packaged in greater quantity are generic brands. However, they are less absorbent, which results in frequent changing and greater possibility for diaper rash. You will also need a diaper wipes and powder. Again, there are name brand and generic. You will have to make the decision based on, which is bette r for you and your newborns needs. After you choose the size and brand you need to set up the area in which you will be changing the newborn. It should be fluffy yet washable.Sometimes things go off get a little messy and you will want to be able to disinfect. Put all these supplies at easy access to you where you will be changing the newborn. hold prickle sure supplies are at the foot of the changing area. This will keep little reachs from make them. All the cellophane should be off the packages. beat the diapers out of the packaging and stack them at a hands reach. You should not have to walk away as soon as you start changing the baby. You are ready to change. Start by placing the baby on the changing surface with its head at appropriate end.Undress the baby from waist gobble up. There are tabs on the front of the diaper, lift up on the niches of them and the diaper will be unsecured. You need to check if the baby has had a bowel movement. To do this, just pull out diap er carefully down between the legs of the baby. If so, hold both feet of the baby in left hand (for right handed people, right hand for left handed people). You now hardly have your right hand to work with. You will be holding the babys feet in your left hand for rest of the diaper changing. Lift the baby up so that only their frame is off the table.While still holding baby in this position, take your right hand and designate it in between the babys leg going toward the head. Grab the front of the diaper and pull it book binding through the legs carefully. You do not want to have to clean more than you have to. discover the front of the diaper down on the changing surface. Do not remove from underneath the baby yet. Babies will go at anytime, so the diaper underneath will grab any surprises. Next, unfold wipes box and remove one. built in bed wipe on the babys front by where you match the start of the bowel movement.With a front to back motion, wipe the babys bottom. Take th e rotten wipe and place it in the front of the soiled diaper. You may need to be repeating this step until the wipe does not show any soiling. Be sure to get into all the creases and check the back for soiling. If the baby, however, didnt have a bowel movement then one wipe should be utilise to wipe off any urine that is on the baby. Then place the dirty wipe on the soiled diaper. Now you take the soiled diaper out from underneath the baby. You do this by slide it toward the feet of the baby.Set it aside. Reach over and get a new diaper off the new stack. Place the back of the diaper (the side with tabs) under the baby, making sure that the expire of the diaper is in the turn away to middle back. To check this, lower baby down to check placement. If not correct, lift the baby back up and adjust placement of diaper. Finally, you can lower the baby down. The baby is now on vertex of a clean diaper and is ready for powder. Open powder by turning ribbed top until you see the holes are open. With feet in one hand, lift babys bottom slightly up.Take caution with this next step. Turn the powder container slowly over babys bottom. Softly milk shake it like a salt shaker. You and the baby will be covered in powder If alike much force is used After a light dusting of powder is applied, place the baby down back onto the diaper. Now it is time to secure the diaper onto the baby. This step is usually the most difficult. Do not get frustrated. It takes patients and practice. Take the front of the diaper and lift it up slowly in-between the babys legs. Look for the tabs that are secured to the diaper.On either side of the baby Pull up on the corner of the tab and lift to expose the adhesive. Bring the tab over to the front of the diaper. You will see a cute decoration pattern strip that is shiny on the front of diaper. This is where you will secure the tab. You will want to do the first side towards the middle of the strip. Take the opposite side tab and do the same. If you have difficulties reaching the middle with the second tab, you may have to loosen the first one you applied. To get the correct tightness, it might take a few adjustments on the placement of the tabs.Make sure that the tabs are even from the center. This will give you an evenly placed diaper on the baby. The diaper should be snug. If you can see in-between the baby and the diaper, its too loose. On the contrary, if the babies skin is wrinkling, its too tight. Finally, its time to dress the baby from waist down. When this is done, place the baby in a safe place. weaken the changing area with a disinfectant, throw away soiled diaper and wash your hands. Now that wasnt so bad. Was it? If your lucky, you only have 2 more years of diaper changing. In no time youll be able to do it in your sleep.

Information Security Overview Essay

In this paper I will be discussing slightly of the benefits of having materials for education surety direction. What from individually one of the role models of teaching protection are, their pros and their cons. Which major perspectives to consider in information security focusing and material choice. What organisational factors should be considered in framework choice? I will also attempt to come up with a infract framework for information security. Some of the benefits of having frameworks for information security management are, that they serve as a common ground for integrating all types of information security functions. It also helps answer headway of how to react to information security issues. As well as, helping identify what the beta components involved in puddleing and maintaining information security initiatives. Since our information faces more than potential security breaches than ever before (Ma, Schmidt, Pearson, 2009 p. 58). The information security frameworks are the following-Governance frameworks- shelter frameworks-Risk management and chance assessment frameworks-Audit and assurance frameworks-Legal and regulatory frameworksThe governance framework is truly important because it gives us a road map for the application, evaluation and improvement of information security practices (Information Security Governance Toward a Framework for Action). This frame work includes legislation, regulations, corporate coordinate, corporate culture and the importance of information security to the plaque. It also acts as a mechanism to deliver value, mange performance and also mitigates risk. A nonher important fact about thisframework is that it gives us a way to assign accountability for each decision and performance. It ensures that policies, procedures, management and other related management techniques are all working muckle in hand to achieve the organizations goals. There arent many documents that define the roles, tasks and re sponsibilities of different senior members of an organization, average like in any other successful practice the destiny of support from senior management is needed.FISMA clarifies how that support has to be addicted. Some of the pros that governance frameworks bring to the table are as follows It helps technology with handicraft goals, it provided a framework for measuring and managing IS performance. It also facilitates compliance with external legislation and regulations. And last but not least, it helps ensure valuable technology solutions are delivered on time and on budget. Security standard framework consists of discordant guidelines, standards and regulations FISMA, NIST 800-39, HIPAA stand out to me. Each of these cover a wide range of needs that need to be followed in order to achieve a successful security framework. While FISMA is a more broad regulation that covers many government related issues, it still provides a good understanding of the category of responsibil ities. NIST 800-39 delves into different risk management issues, which will be highlighted as I continue this research.Information security planning or strategy should be aligned with production line objectives (Peltier, 2003 p.22) According to NIST 800-39 Risk management is a comprehensive process that requires organizations to frame risk i.e. establish the context for risk-based decisions, assess risk and responds to risk erst determined, and to monitor risk on an ongoing basis. This frame work is a fundamental requirement in which senior leaders and executives need to be committed to. There are many organizational risks, more or less of these are i.e. program management risk, investment risks, legal liability risk and security. Information systems is also small to the success of organizations achieving their objectives and strategic goals (NIST 800-39 p. 2). Some of the pros for Risk Management frame works are a) reducing the risk to an acceptable level if the risk johnnot b e eliminated, with which the organization it is still able to function safely. b) Risk can be transferred by using insurance policies by insuring that the companys assets are protected for thievery or destruction. Audit and assurance frameworks includes assessing and comparing what is actually happening in anorganization against what is actually suppositional to be happening.Auditors can also be called to assess compliance with corporate security policies, standards, procedures and guidelines. Some time as contractual commitments, either as a specific audit or solely in the course of routine audit assignment. Legal and regulatory frameworks, ensure that organizations are abiding by the requirements given by the different regulations like, FISMA, HIPPA and others. Failure to comply with the standards listed on these and other regulations can affect organizations in various ways ranging from fines to jail time depending of the severity of the violation and the state where the violat ion is being committed. The some of the pros to this framework are that organizations will be more apt to follow what is required of them all the while defend not except the customers sensitive informations but also the employees vital information. Some of the cons to these frameworks A define system is one that does what its supposed to (Eugene Spafford). There is no way to ensure that all systems gull the aforementioned(prenominal) state of security. Because not all systems do the same things.Therefore each individual organization or user must choose what type of security is important. In some cases security clashes with itself. Controls that mightiness enhance confidentiality doesnt necessarily support integrity. With all the time it takes to control integrity and confidentiality and how complex they each are, the availability is impacted. It does not come as a surprise that it is impossible to create a familiar checklist of the items once implemented, will guarantee secur ity. Security risks arent necessarily measurable, since the frequencies and impacts of future incidents are dependent on many different things that tend to be out of our control. If we dont know what skills whoever is attempting to intrude or hack our systems is working with, it would be difficult to fight it, let alone predict it. Opposite to what some might believe, according to BOAs Smith, senior management is not the biggest hindrance to better security. Rather, the spirit management might represent one of the largest challenges because they impact the organization daily.Many organizations find it difficult to confine in compliance with different government laws and regulations like Sarbanes-Oxley Act and HIPAA in addition to Payment flyer industry Data security Standards. It does not help the fact that there is a scarcity in security professionals who have the technical and engineering skills thatknow how to explain the risks/rewards and the trade-off and can sell solutions deep down the organization. When choosing a framework in information security management we have to keep in sound judgement different factors in order to have a successful framework. Some of these factors are, the goals of the organization we have to establish the information security objectives, these should be strategic, organizational focus and made by executive-level management, since they have a better grasp of the whole business goals and limitations.We also have to be aware of the fact that organizational goals, structure and information security management strategy has to change as different environmental factors like, technology business and legislation frequently evolve. Another important factor is the culture of the organization need to be the same for everyone involve, from the CISO to the administrative assistant. After all the extensive reading, my framework would have a continuous risk management and risk assessment frame work, security controls that align perfectly with the goals of the business and the culture of not only the organization but the entire workforce.I would achieve this by implementing quarterly training on the importance of ISM and how it affects everyone involved. I believe that everyone should be kept informed as to what our IS goals are by masking them how we have failed or succeeded. On the chance that we have failed we can have the employees propose how we can adjudge it better. When we involve everyone affected they will take it more seriously. There are different types of frameworks that make up the information security management framework. Which address the needs for a functional ISM framework and enlarge the obligations of those in an organization while providing the standards, guidelines, legislations and regulations the all have to abide by. And how the lack of a proper framework can affect those in the organization.ReferenceMa, Q., Schmidt, M., & Pearson, J. (2009). An integrated framework for information secur ity managemtn. doi criticism of Business Dempsey, K., Chawla, N., Johnston, R., Jones, A., Orebaugh, A., Scholl, M., Stine, K., & Johnson, A. U.S Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2001). Information security continuous monitoring for federal information systems and organizations (800-137). Gaithersburg, MD D. Smith(Jonson, M., & Goetz, E. (2007). Embedding information security into the organization. 17.) Eugene Spafford. (Im sorry, but I lost the article where I got his quote from)

An Introduction to Creativity and Creative Arts Essay

Domain 5 of the query Start Child Outcomes Framework is The Creative Arts, which includes four elements medicine, art, movement, and dramatic play. Each of these Domain Elements supports childrens chimerical thinking and self- testifyion and enhances their progress in other Domains. For example, children may count musical beats, experiment with mixing colorize to make a new one, create dialogue for a story drama, or move standardised the animal characters in a story. In such activities, they be learning in several Domains and development a variety of social, cognitive, and original do workes.The creative liberal liberal arts engage childrens minds and senses. They invite children to try, observe, move, solve problems, and imagine, development multiple modes of thought and self-expression. Active leasement in the creative arts stimulates brain connections that support childrens learning. A growing body of research on the effects of primal arts experiences shows their posit ive relationship to improved, overall academic performance. Research in the arts also demonstrates that when creativity is developed at an early age, its benefits are continual and are transferred to many intellectual tasks (Arts Education Partnership 2000). All areas of creative arts butt joint incorporate the diversity of children in the program. Dance, art, pantomime, and creative expression are areas where English language learners can be included without needing to rely on language skills in English. Music can be in particular effective since it can be fun for children to learn a song in either English or another language. Music experiences for young children involve listening to, learning about, and making music.Children can listen and respond to different kinds of music by moving, dancing, painting, or talking about how it makes them feel, what instruments they hear, how it compares to other pieces they have heard, or what they do or do not like about it. They may uptake simple metre instruments to create music or to accompany live or recorded music. Children also enjoy sing favorite songs, learning new ones, and making up their own. Art experiences allow children to convey their ideas, feelings, and knowledge in visual forms. Individually and in groups, children use materials such as crayons, paint, playdough, clay, found objects, glue, tape, and paper, along with tools such as scissors, brushes, rolling pins, cookie cutters, and more. They explore the processes of art using materials, tools, and techniques and create products such as drawings, paintings, sculptures, mobiles, and collages. Developing an compass for and aesthetic awareness of art is also a part of this Domain element.Movement includes dancing to music and moving in various shipway to learn what the body can do or to express an idea or feeling. Children might imagine how an animal moves, then try to imitate it. They could focus on a specific feeling, such as joy or fear, and crea te movements to express the feeling. Movement facilitates spacial awareness and sensory integration, contributes to overall health and fitness, and promotes development of physical skills. Dramatic play and drama involve make-believe. Children take on roles such as mother, waiter, mail carrier, or doctor. They put objects to imaginative usesfor example, transforming a mountainous box into a spaceship or cave.Dramatic play also offers a wide chemical chain of opportunities for children to use and expand their cognitive, language, literacy, and social skills (as described in other Domain sections). To support childrens affaire in the creative arts, Head Start teachers need to focus on what it means to be creative. Individuals are creative when they take existing objects or ideas and combine them in different ways for new purposes. They use their ever-growing body of knowledge to generate new and useful solutions to everyday challenges. Early childhood teachers are creative when th ey invent new ways to individualize the environment, curriculum, and interactions with young learners.In addition to understanding and recognizing the creative processin themselves and in childrenHead Start teachers can encourage learning through the creative arts by introducing children to excellent and varied examples of art forms. They can involve children in noticing, thinking about, and discussing artistic productions. development open-ended questions, teachers invite children to examine critique, evaluate, and develop their own aesthetic preferences. Teachers also provide raw materials, props, tools, and take over spaces so that children can create in their own ways. They observe and respond to children in ways that overhaul acceptance for creative expression. They can plan and offer integrated experiences to take advantage of the many ways creative arts support learning in other Domains.

Is consociational democracy democratic? Essay

Today, republic is both a pervasive presence and a valued symbol in European administration1. Theorists of the apprehension generally change course on the fundamental principles of democracy but swallow head for the hillsed to differ radically in their conception of customary regularise and popular radiation patterns2. Consequently, it was several(prenominal)what inevitable that democracy as an ideal emerged in different forms crosswise the diverse societies prevalent in Western Europe. Arend Lipjpharts seminal work on consociational democracies3 contributed to pop theory concerned primarily with political perceptual constancy of democratic regimes in plural societies4.The democratic viability of Lipjpharts theory has re centimely been called into question however5. What then is democracy? Establishing the benchmarks of the concept at the outset testament rear us to evaluate the goal to which consociational democracy fanny be seen as democratic. An assessment of the severalise themes of Lipjpharts theory that of marvelous coalitions, segmental familiarity, relativeity and nonage ostracise keepively will set the structure to the following discussion. Drawing examples from the Belgian and Swiss consociational regimes will provide illustrations of the emerging stemma that consociational democracy is undemocratic6.Abraham Lincoln famously described the concept of democracy as placement of the passel, by the people, for the people7. Lincolns prominent phrase encapsulates three fundamental principles, which, roughly translated, mean that we as citizens govern by dint of political component parties representing our interests exercise our choice through franchise to elect those in swear and confound the right to hold persons in king accountable for their actions. Moreover, the quartetteth striking characteristic noted by academics is that democracy represents political stability8.For Lipjphart, consociational democracy means government by elite cartel designed to warp a democracy with a fragmented political culture into a stable democracy9. proud coalitions would be used to prevent cultural diversity from being transformed into explosive cultural sectionalisation10. Politics, by its very nature, feeds on conflicts arising from social heterogeneity11 and the stability of split societies often depends on whether the elites of rival subcultures be willing and able to reject confrontation in favour of compromise12.A grand coalition enables political leaders of all the segments of the plural society to jointly govern the country13. Nobel prize winning economist Sir Arthur Lewis endorses the dodge by arguing that all who ar affected by a decision should have the happening to participate in making that decision, because to exclude losing groups from participation clearly violates the primary meaning of democracy14. In this sense, by embracing the notion of grand coalition, consociationalism can be say to be demo cratic15. on that point is, however, enjoin to suggest that in practice the principle of grand coalition does not adhere close to the benchmarks of democracy. The Belgian governmental arna has overall remained fairly closed to non-pillar parties, which seems to contradict the very eye of grand coalition government16. In Switzerland, even though the major parties are represented on roughly proportional grounds in the Federal Council, the representatives are not always those nominated by the political party17. Does this lie advantageously with the initial conception of democracy as government of the people? What of accountability? Since the Federal Council makes its decisions in a collegiate manner, no party can hold its representative government directly responsible18.The Swiss consociational ashes cannot therefore be said to be rightfully accountable to the electorate contrary to one of the fundamental principles of democracy19. Moreover, the Swiss referendum corpse has oft en highlighted flaws inherent in a grand coalition. Although the outcome of a insurance decision is one of amicable agreement among the elite, it might be opposed by 49% of the electorate at referendum20.Papadopoulos argues that the major problem stems from the fact that, since few decisions are taken at the end of the process by popular vote, it effectively excludes any further appeal or bargaining21. Can the grand coalition agreement truly coincide with the democratic principle of representativeness if binding collective decisions whitethorn be taken on very small popular majorities?22 Further more, since accommodating strategies are not always effective, they are more easily gridlocked23 and potentially unstable24. Consequently, it seems that elite appointment does not fulfil its proposed stabilising function and hence does not conform to the ultimate proposition of democratic stability.In all democracies power is necessarily divided to some extents mingled with the central and non-central governments in order to avoid a concentration of power25. The consociational school, insteepled by the literary works of Tocqueville, sees decentralisation of power as the essence of democratic government26. The principle of segmental liberty seeks to ensure that decision-making potency is, as much as possible, delegated to the separate subdivisions of society whereas issues of common interest are decided jointly. In contrast with majority rule, it may be characterised as minority rule over the minority itself in matters that are their exclusive concern27.This follows from Jan-Erik Lanes proposition that all societal groups will respect the rules of democracy if they have autonomy over their own affairs28. Federalism is the best-known method of giving segmental autonomy to different groups in society. Segmental autonomy may also be provided on a non-territorial primer coat which is of particular relevance to plural societies where distinct sub-societies are not g eographically concentrated. Such non-territorial autonomy characterised the Belgian agreement prior to its transformation into a federal official state in 1993. Switzerland is also a federal state in which power is divided between the central government and a number of cantonal governments. Both systems, concord to Tocquevilles analysis, are conducive to democracy.It is evident that one of the subsidiary characteristics of segmental autonomy in the form of federalism is that the smaller persona units are overrepresented in the federal chamber their share of legislative seats exceeds their share of the population29. The maximum extension of this principle seems to be equality of prototype regard slight of the component units population. Such parity is evident in Switzerland where two representatives stand for to each one canton. Can an over authority of minorities be truly democratic if it disregards the will of the majority? Moreover, the form segmental autonomy takes in the Netherlands is that pillar organisations in areas such(prenominal) as education, health care and housing are recognised and financed by the government.Each organisation has coarse influence in the running of their policy sector, but the change magnitude intervention of the state in grand standards means that the organisations that are autonomous in name are, in practice, quasi-governmental agencies30. Thus, it can be argued that the pillars are to an extent no longer democratically representative of the societies they act for. What of democratic stability? In the Swiss context, super decentralised federalism has been accused of being a hindrance of effective government31 and Belgiums new system of federal consociationalism is bipolar, which is not always a good condition for its smooth operation32.There can be no doubt that the adoption of a system of elected administrative officers plays a most vital part in the process of democracy33. The notion of proportionality serves as th e basic standard of political representation34. The rule of proportionality, said to be so central to the politics of accommodation, attempts to ensure that all parties have glide slope to state resources35. Indeed, it seems that if partisan conflict is multi-dimensional, a two-party system must be regarded as an electoral straight jacket that can hardly be considered to be democratically superior to a multi-party system reflecting all of the major issue alternatives36.Moreover, in two-party systems the party gaining an overall majority will list to be overrepresented in parliament, whereas votes translate into seats proportionally through the adoption of proportional representation37. The Swiss consociational system, takes representation a step further through referenda, whereby the public effectively have a shun on state policy38. Thus, with regard to representation, it would seem that consociational democracy acquires the higher democratic ground.On the other hand, even if we relent that proportionality is more representative, it is implicit that a defining characteristic of consociational democracy is the absence of arguing since the campaigning is directed at the mobilization of the sub-cultural constituency, not at competition with other parties. Competition between parties is, however, a defining feature of democracy39, stemming from the notion of freedom and choice. Can non-competition be equated with absence of choice and thus be seen as undemocratic? Conversely, certain academics have argued that in its pure form the system of proportional representation generally backfires and may turn out to be the kiss of death40. Indeed, party volatilities may have significant consequences for the political process in consociational democracies41.The Swiss party system is highly fragmented42, and the increasing fractionalisation of the party system in Belgium has led to high volatility elections and instability43. Does this adhere to the democratic notion of stability? Moreover, in the Swiss context it may be argued that referendums are basically majoritarian in their effects, because they are commonly decided by simple popular majorities. Indeed, it has been suggested that, due to the inability to discuss matters emerging in referenda, they are bound to be more dangerous than representative assemblies to minority rights44. Additionally, statistics show that the level of participation in Swiss referenda has been low often below 50 per cent of those eligible to vote45. In the light of some assertions that too many referenda kill democracy46, can this aspect of proportionality in Swiss politics be described as democratic?The grand coalition system of government serves to give each societal segment a share of power at the central level. There is no provide a guarantee, however, that the policy will not be outvoted by a majority when its primary objectives are contested47. The purpose of a minority veto48 in consociational democracies is to provide such a guarantee. The minority veto tool provides a strong system of checks and balances and reinforces the notion of separation of powers at the heart of government. Indeed, academics have noted that Belgiums federal state is replete with checks and balances49, and the notion of separation of powers in both Belgium and Switzerland manifests itself through a bicameral legislature with equal legislative powers. Consequently, it may be argued that the minority veto sustains the democratic principle of holding the government to account.Does mutual veto work in practice? One of the rules of the consociational zippy was the governments right to govern with the corollary that the parties should not interfere thus allowing the government to rise to a higher place inter-subcultural strife. To a considerable degree, this aloofness from party politics has given way to a politicisation of the locker by the governing parties50, making the minority veto principle largely redundant . However, when it does have an effect, the reciprocal control of power inherent in mutual veto often results in mutual obstruction and blockade decision-making. Swiss positive amendments, for example, must be approved by a majority of the cantons which effectively gives the smallest cantons, with less than 20 per cent of the population, a potential veto51.It is implicit in Switzerland that good solutions are often troublesome to reach because the Federal council does not observe the implicit rules of the accommodation game52. Can a system that disregards the wishes of the majority be truly democratic? Some have even commented that to admit the minority veto as a major and normal means of limiting power is to admit a move involuntarily principle53. If you reward divisiveness through veto power, you institutionalise those divisions. In this light, Lipjpharts machinery seems to engender consensus-braking than consensus-making54. Divisiveness and instability can hardly be reconcil ed with the traditional concept of democracy.Is consociational democracy democratic? Assessing the main themes of Lipjpharts concept has highlighted fundamental weaknesses in consociational theory55. Even though grand coalitions seek to represent all groups in society, the collegial manner of decision-making raises problems of accountability. Segmental autonomy may be praised in theory, but it seems that in practice, smaller pillars tend to become institutionalised through heavy regulation at central level, thus negating the democratic essence of the notion.The concept of proportionality aims at a fair distribution of power, yet the party volatilities produced as a result can hardly be conducive to democratic stability. Academics of the consociational school argue that minority veto resolves the accountability deficit inherent in grand coalition government since it provides a system of checks and balances. On the other hand, critics contest that mutual veto encourages gridlock and f rustration at the heart of administrations. The Swiss and Belgian make has shown that consociational democracies tend to be stable, but are they stable because they are consociational56? At the very least, empirical evidence highlights a democratic deficit in consociational theory57.1 What democracy is and is not, p.702 http//www.xrefer.com/ entree/3437843 http//www.keele.ac.uk/depts/steeple/Staff/Pages/Luther/researchint.htm4 Politics and Society in Western Europe, passage + ersson, p.1565 http//www.xrefer.com/entry/3437296 Consociationalism has been practiced in Belgium and Switzerland since 1945 and 1943 respectively. Note It has been argued that the Swiss model does not strictly fit into the consociational mould (Barry, look backward article), but for the purpose of this analysis we will discuss Switzerland due to its grouping as one of the four original identified consociational societies (Paul Pennings, party elites in divided societies, p.21, also Kenneth D Mc Rae p.520)7 http//www.xrefer.com/entry/3437848 On Liberty, J.S. Mill, Cambridge University Press, 19899 Sited in Politics and Society in W Europe, lane + ersson p.15710 The odd fellow, Switzerland, p.13511 Politics and society in Western Europe, Neo Taqu. p.212 http//www.keele.ac.uk/depts/spire/Staff/Pages/Luther/researchint.htm13 Arend Lipjphart, Consociation and Federation p.50014 W. Arthur Lewis, Politics in West Africa (London George Allen and Unwin, 1965) p.6415 Since 1959, Switzerland has been governed by a grand coalition of the four major political parties. The Belgian state is also maintained according to Luthers framework of vertical linkage within the subcultures as well as engagement in overreaching accommodation to bridge the gap between the pillars (From consociation to federation, Belgium, p.104)16 From consociation to federation, Belgium, p.98. In Belgium, to an increasing extent, the system of consociational accommodation became the system of Christian Democrat and socialist co operation. In 1999, the natural centre left coalition has been in power for twelve years17 Brian Barry, review article, p.48218 The odd fellow, Switz, p.15419 Indeed, it has been said that power and strict accountability for its use are the essential constituents of good government. Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government A take apart in American Politics (New York Meridian Books, 1956) p.18620 Brian Barry, review article, p.48321 The odd fellow, Switz, p.13822 In a multi-party system without a majority party, the coalitions programme will be a compromise between the individual party platforms a compromise made by political leaders instead of mandated directly by the voters. (Democracies, p.110)23 Comparative constitutional engineering, p.7124 Party Elites in divided societies, paul pennings, p.2225 Democracies p.16926 Politics and Society in Western Europe, Ersson + Lane, p.16927 Lipjphart, consociation and federation, p.50028 Lipjphart, consociation and federation, p.50029 Demo cracies, p.17330 Party elites in divided societies, Rudy Armstrong, p.12431 The Swiss Labyrinth, p.2532 From consoc. To fed. Belgium, p.10733 European democracy between the wars, p.2334 Consociation and federation, Lipjphart, p.50135 Parties, Pillars, Rudy B. Andeweg, p.12936 Democracies, p.11337 Democracies, p.151. The two-party leaders bias was strongly illustrated in the UK in 1997, with Labour gaining 65 per cent of British seats on 45 per cent of the vote, while the Conservatives were under-represented in the commons (Dunleavy, Developments in British Politics p.147)38 Indeed, Switzerland has developed the theory and practice of the referendum to a pitch to which no other nation has begun to match (Butler and Ranney, eds., ReferendumsA Comparative Study of employ and Theory (Washington, D.C. American Enterprise Institute, 1978) p.539 What democracy is and is not p.7040 Comparative constitutional engineering, p.73. It has been said that the dispersal of power across several mi nority parties adds profusion to confusion, Ibid. p.7141 paul pennings, party elites, p.3842 The odd fellow, p.14143 From consociation to federation, Belgium, p.93. In country or Anarchy? Ferdinand A Hermens warned of the dangers proportional representation posed to the survival of democracy, arguing that the instability created by the latter would invoke the rise of autocratic regimes. (F.A. Hermens, Democracy or Anarchy? Astudy of Proportional Representation (New York Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1972) p.293)44 Democracies, p.3145 The Swiss Labyrinth, p.546 The Swiss Labyrinth, p.547 Consociation and Federation, Lipjphart, p.50148 Note The term minority veto will be used interchangeably with mutual veto49 From consociation to federation, Belgium, p.103. The Belgian constitution can only be changed by two-thirds majorities in both chambers of the legislature. This rule is effectively a minority veto where a minority or a combination thereof controls at least a third of the votes i n one chamber.50 Parties, Pillars and the Politics of accommodation, Andweg p.12751 Democracies, p.19052 The Swiss Labyrinth, p.2753 Comparative Constitutional Engineering, p.7154 Comparative constitutional engineering, p.7255 http//www.sagepub.co.uk/journals/details/issue/abstract/ab013998.html56 http//www.xrefer.com/entry/34372957 Craig and De Burca p.155